Developmental Psychology

Kohlberg's post-conventional level of moral reasoning.

Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage.

Piaget's formal operational stage.

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development.

Socioeconomic status plays a lesser role than culture in forming adolescent social identities globally.

The importance placed on conforming to traditional gender roles can vary greatly between different cultures.

Adolescents from all cultures develop social identities independent of societal expectations or norms.

Peer influence is insignificant in shaping social identity across different cultural settings during adolescence.

Elkind’s Imaginary Audience Concept

Freud's Latency Stage

Pavlovian Classical Conditioning

Maslow's Self-Actualization

Schwarz's Value System Approach

Turiel's Domain Theory

Gilligan's Ethics of Care Approach

Haidt's Moral Emotions Hypothesis

The imaginary audience phenomenon

Cognitive dissonance

Gestalt illusion

Personal Fable

Nonmaleficence because deception will harm the adolescents.

Confidentiality because adolescents can't keep secrets well enough for valid results.

Competence because psychologists aren’t best suited to study adolescence issues.

Informed consent principle might be compromised by deception.

Postconventional moral reasoning enabling ethical decision-making principles application.

Preoperational egocentrism inhibiting perspective-taking abilities.

Concrete operational thought processes involving hands-on problem-solving strategies.

Formal operational thought processes including abstract reasoning.

Sensorimotor stage

Concrete operational stage

Preoperational stage

Formal operational stage

The model does not cover the effects of peer pressure adequately.

The model focuses too much on self-esteem needs instead of physiological ones.

The hierarchy neglects cognitive developmental milestones during teens years.

The hierarchy doesn't adequately address social needs in adolescence.

process of pruning neural networks in the brain

strengthening of neural networks in the brain

formation of new neural networks in the brain

The development of secondary sexual characteristics