Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

Intrinsic Motivation

Incentive Theory

Drive-Reduction Theory

Extrinsic Motivation

Overlooking the role of biological factors in maternal-infant bonding.

Generalizing findings from monkeys to human behaviors.

Subjecting infant monkeys to prolonged isolation causing distress.

Failing to consider alternative explanations for attachment beyond comfort.

All individuals seek high levels of arousal according to this theory, which isn't true for everyone..

This theory wrongly proposes humans aim for minimal arousal states only.

It's invalid because people always avoid situations inducing excessive arousal due to stress risks involved..

Individual differences in optimal levels of arousal make it less universally applicable.

A student with a fixed mindset could pursue extra credit opportunities to compensate, while one with growth mindset might focus solely on future assignments instead of past failures.

A student with a fixed mindset is more likely to cheat on the next test to avoid failure while one with a growth mindset will study harder and seek help.

A student with a fixed mindset may feel helpless and avoid future challenges while one with a growth mindset might view it as an opportunity for learning.

A student with a fixed mindset may practice self-affirmation techniques while one with a growth mindset will wait for external encouragement and motivation.

The lack of consideration for intrinsic motivation

Individual differences and changing circumstances can affect what motivates people at work.

Failure to acknowledge basic needs such as food and shelter

Overemphasis on salary as a motivator for job satisfaction

power

status

hunger

money

The person is responding to peer pressure, aligning with the belongingness and love needs.

They are pursuing the esteem needs by seeking respect from others through career change.

The individual has not yet satisfied their physiological needs, which are more fundamental.

The individual is prioritizing self-actualization needs over basic economic security.

extrinsic

pessimistic

homeostasis

intrinsic

cannot explain non-biological drives.

cannot explain biological drives.

cannot explain primary drives.

can only explain drives related to sex.

Conduct interviews with graduating college seniors on their self-reported ability to delay gratification during college life and relate it to academic success.

Administer the Marshmallow Test to college seniors and compare results with their final GPA upon graduation.

Give freshmen a one-time survey about their eating habits, including frequency of consuming sweets, correlating it with semester GPAs.

Track first-year college students over four years who were categorized based on their performance on an adapted Marshmallow Test, comparing GPA and graduation rates.