Clinical Psychology
What role do benzodiazepines play in managing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
They block norepinephrine receptors to reduce the activation of stress response.
They stimulate dopamine production for improved mood and motivation.
They enhance GABA's inhibitory effects on neuronal firing rates thereby reducing anxiety symptoms.
They inhibit serotonin reuptake to improve mood and relaxation.
How could we design an experiment to determine if exercise increases endorphin release in our brains?
Survey individuals on whether they feel happier after exercising or not exercising.
Carry out a repeated-measures design with each participant undergoing both exercise and non-exercise conditions, while measuring their brain endorphin levels.
Compare self-reported mental health measures between active people and sedentary ones without any objective biological measurements.
Analyze social media posts related to exercise and happiness.
Which of the following best represents a potential counterargument to the use of pharmacological intervention as the primary treatment for mental disorders?
Such treatments are ineffective in managing symptoms.
The cost of medications limits their usage among patients.
Psychological disorders cannot be treated with medication.
The long-term effects and dependency issues associated with such interventions are often overlooked.
What consideration might a psychologist prioritize when formulating an intervention strategy for a patient showing signs of severe anxiety and has shown resistance to pharmacological treatments?
Increasing dosage of existing medication
Encouraging the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Ignoring the patient's resistance to drugs
Recommending immediate hospitalization
A neurologist recommends a treatment that includes implanting electrodes in specific areas within a patient's brain to manage severe obsessive-compulsive disorder; what is this procedure called?
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
What type of medication increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin in synapses?
Mood stabilizers
Anxiolytics
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
What is a common criticism of relying too heavily on biological treatments for mental disorders?
They are too expensive for most patients
They can only be administered in a hospital setting
They often do not address underlying psychological issues
They tend to worsen patients' physical health over time

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What type of drug, commonly prescribed for anxiety disorders, works by increasing the neurotransmitter GABA's inhibitory effects in the central nervous system?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Atypical Antipsychotics
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Benzodiazepines
How can we investigate whether chronic stress leads to permanent changes in brain structure?
Ask people about their stress levels and perform an IQ test.
Conduct a cross-sectional study comparing the body mass index of people with different occupations.
Survey individuals on perceived stress and analyse their social media posts for signs of chronic stress.
Perform a longitudinal study where MRI scans are taken over years for individuals exposed to high levels of stress.
What procedure is typically seen as a last resort treatment for severe depression that has not responded to other treatments?
Cognitive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychodynamic therapy
Behavioral therapy