Clinical Psychology

An interaction between severe trauma during childhood, personality factors, and social support systems.

Solely genetic predispositions toward mental health conditions regardless of environmental influences or experiences.

The presence of high levels of stress hormones like cortisol without considering psychological or social factors.

The individual's socioeconomic status independently determining their likelihood of developing dissociative disorders.

Since there is definitive evidence implicating specific neurotransmitter imbalances as causal factors warranting drug-based remedies.

Due only neuroanatomical abnormalities discovered via advanced imaging technologies necessitating surgical procedures rather than behavioral therapies.

Because conversion disorders involve interactions between psychological distress manifesting as physical symptoms hence requiring multifaceted treatment strategies.

Given lifestyle choices directly influence neuropathological changes thereby suggesting dietary adjustments over pharmaceuticals.

Conversion Disorder

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Anthropologists' study of different cultures will highlight varying understandings and presentations of dissociative identity disorder across societies.

Anthropologists mainly focus on ancient societies so their contributions would be outdated or irrelevant.

An anthropological perspective would argue for a universal presentation of dissociative identity disorder across cultures.

Anthropology focuses on physical evolution and therefore doesn't offer insights into psychological disorders.

Individuals may alter their beliefs about themselves or their world in order to resolve internal conflict following a traumatic experience.

Cognitive dissonance theory argues that trauma has no effect on one's belief systems.

Cognitive dissonance theory states that traumatic experiences decrease internal conflict due to belief changes.

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that trauma leads directly to altered beliefs.

This model disregards the patient's perception of their own condition.

The biomedical model inaccurately attributes all symptoms to mental illness instead of physical causes.

The biomedical model overlooks psychosocial factors contributing to physical symptoms.

The model fails to consider past traumatic experiences as potential causes for current symptoms.

PTSD is a result of an absence of learned helplessness.

Patients with PTSD may develop a sense of learned helplessness due to repeated exposure to traumatic events.

Learned helplessness is a precursor for developing PTSD.

Learned helplessness and PTSD are mutually exclusive psychological phenomena.

Climate differences affecting physical symptom manifestation globally.

The cultural stigma associated with psychological disorders versus physical illnesses.

Accessibility to modern healthcare facilities within urban versus rural settings.

Dietary habits influencing physical well-being across various cultures.

Manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Ensuring informed consent is truly informed given the nature of DID.

Obtaining data only through naturalistic observation to avoid interference.

Using double-blind procedures to prevent researcher bias.

Major Depressive Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder