Clinical Psychology
Which psychological perspective is most likely to emphasize the role of unconscious conflicts in contributing to personality disorders?
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Which research design would best determine if nicotine dependence can lead to certain personality disorders?
Cross-sectional study comparing smokers' personalities to non-smokers at one point in time.
Experimental design where participants are randomly assigned to smoke or not smoke.
Case-study approach examining personality disorders in established smokers only.
Longitudinal study following smokers through their lives to monitor any emergence of personality disorders.
To avoid ethical issues when researching addictive behaviors, what should psychologists primarily aim to protect?
The confidentiality of pharmaceutical companies funding the research.
The anonymity of peer reviewers providing critiques of the research design.
The use of placebos in control groups where real treatment exists.
The dignity and welfare of research subjects struggling with addiction.
Which psychological theory would suggest that substance addiction is learned through reinforcements and punishments?
Psychoanalytic theory
Humanistic theory
Operant conditioning theory
Trait theory
How are Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder linked, according to psychoanalytic theory?
Both disorders are a response to environmental stimuli.
Both disorders are caused by imbalances in brain chemicals.
Both disorders have been related to an attempt at gaining control.
Both disorders originate from genetic predispositions.
In the context of personality disorders, how does Gray’s Biopsychological Theory relate specifically to antisocial personality disorder?
It emphasizes reduced behavioral inhibition system activity leading to impulsivity and aggressive behaviors.
It attributes heightened reward sensitivity primarily influencing neuroticism traits in individuals.
It suggests abnormally high fight-flight-freeze system activity manifesting as socially avoidant behaviors.
It focuses on increased harm avoidance causing higher levels of anxiety-related personality characteristics.
How does cognitive-behavioral therapy challenge the psychoanalytic view of bulimia nervosa?
It focuses on current thoughts and behaviors rather than unconscious motivations.
It emphasizes biological factors over mental processes.
It believes in fixed traits rather than changeable behaviors.
It considers social influences as irrelevant in treatment.

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How might the intersectionality multiple identities (e.g., race ethnicity gender) shape individual experiences with addictive behaviors within distinct sociocultural contexts?
Addictive behaviors remain constant irrespective individual identities thus intersectionality bears little relevance contextually determined outcomes.
The sheer variety available psychoactive substances outweighs any particular influence stemming from the interplay of multiple identities.
Psychological resilience afforded by strong identification with one's social group universally lowers the risk of developing addictions.
Sociocultural pressures acceptance related specific identity facets could mitigate exacerbate tendencies toward addiction incidents.
Which type of graph will best illustrate the change in body mass index (BMI) among individuals with binge eating disorder before and after a treatment period?
A line chart showing individuals' BMI scores at various points throughout the treatment period.
A pie chart representing the proportion of individuals in normal, overweight, and obese categories post-treatment.
A bar graph comparing the mean BMI before and after treatment among a large population of subjects.
A histogram displaying the distribution of BMI within the treated population at a certain point after treatment.
What psychological concept explains the compulsive use of substances despite negative consequences?
Addiction
Cognitive Dissonance
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning