Exploring One–Variable Data
What should be considered before concluding that attending private school leads to better college admission outcomes based on observed positive association?
Consideration of additional variables such as socioeconomic status that might influence both school type choice and admissions outcomes.
Analysing the percentage of students from private schools who receive academic honors compared with public schools.
Investigating college admission rates over multiple years to identify trends in terms of private versus public education.
Comparison between average SAT scores for students attending private versus public schools nationwide.
What study design involves randomly assigning subjects to different treatments and then comparing results?
Sample survey
Census
Experiment
Observational study
Which method involves selecting part of a population without trying to influence any outcomes so you can generalize findings back to the whole population?
Census
Sample survey
Cohort study
Experiment
How does adding an outlier to a dataset affect its standard deviation?
Always doubles regardless where outlier lies.
No effect, as long as there's symmetry in dataset.
Decreases, if outlier is closer to mean than most data points.
Increases, unless outlier is exactly at current mean.
If a researcher conducts an experiment with a very small sample size, which potential issue should they be most concerned about?
Inflation of the p-value.
Increased chance of Type II errors.
Reduction in the confidence level.
Decrease in the margin of error.
In comparing two distributions with similar shapes and centers but different spreads, how would you interpret these distributions using variance?
The distribution with greater variance exhibits more variability among its values than that with lesser variance.
Both distributions have approximately equal amounts of variability despite their different variances.
Variance does not provide information about the spread when shapes and centers are similar between distributions.
Lesser variance indicates greater reliability in predicting future outcomes compared to greater variance when shapes and centers are similar.
In a dataset, what does range measure?
How often each different value occurs in a dataset.
The difference between the maximum and minimum values.
The average distance from each data point to the mean.
The central value splitting higher half from lower half of dataset.

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If a data set has a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 5, which value would be considered an outlier?
25
22
18
35
What measure of center is calculated by adding all the data values and dividing by the number of data values?
Mode
Median
Mean
Range
Which statistical tool helps distinguish whether a correlation between two variables in observational data potentially indicates causation or merely reflects coincidence?
Pie charts visually representing proportional relationships among categorical data sets.
Regression analysis including tests for significance and inclusion of potential confounders.
Bar graphs comparing frequency counts across different categories or groups involved in the study.
Histograms depicting distribution features such as skewness and kurtosis within one variable's dataset.