Collecting Data
Given that a recent survey found owners of electric cars earn above-average incomes, why should this not automatically lead us into assuming electric cars cause increased earnings?
Individuals interested in technology advancements naturally gravitate towards owning electric vehicles, resulting in greater income opportunities.
People earning above-average incomes feel financial pressure and demonstrate wealth through purchasing expensive items like electric cars.
Lurking variables such as education level and environmental consciousness may correlate both with choosing electric vehicles and earning higher incomes.
Electric car ownership boosts social status, therefore indirectly increases chances of professional advancement and career growth.
How does clustering differ from stratification in terms of selecting samples?
Each individual divides into predefined categories
Involves several steps
A single-stage process
Entire groups (clusters) are chosen at once instead of individuals
Which of the following best describes a simple random sample?
Only individuals meeting certain criteria are chosen.
Every individual has an equal chance of being selected.
Samples are taken at regular intervals from the population.
Individuals are chosen based on convenience.
What type of bias occurs when certain groups are underrepresented in a survey because they are less likely to be chosen for the sample?
Response bias
Nonresponse bias
Undercoverage bias
Voluntary response bias
When analyzing if there is any significant linear relationship between SAT scores and first-year college GPA, which statistical tool assesses both strength and direction while also considering outliers?
Scatterplot with added calculation of Pearson's correlation coefficient () along with identification of potential outliers or influential points.
Calculation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient without visual inspection or consideration of possible outliers or influential points.
Creation of side-by-side boxplots comparing SAT scores against discrete ranges or quartiles defined by college GPA levels.
Computing a regression line exclusively based on median values rather than individual data points across SAT scores and GPAs.
In designing an experiment on plant growth, where sunlight exposure and water amount are explanatory variables, what type of experimental design reduces variability not accounted for by these two factors?
A stratified random sample assigning equal numbers of plants from each species into all treatment combinations.
A systematic sample where every nth plant receives increasing levels of sunlight exposure and water amount.
A completely randomized design with random assignment of plants to various sunlight exposures and water amounts.
A block design using plant species as blocks since different species might respond differently to treatments.
What is the primary purpose of using random sampling in a statistical study?
To obtain a representative sample that can be generalized to the entire population.
To minimize the effects of variability within the sample data.
To increase the precision of the point estimates for population parameters.
To ensure that all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected for the study.

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A school district wants to know parent satisfaction about the quality of education. They randomly select two schools from each grade level (elementary, middle, and high) and survey all parents of students in the selected schools. What type ...
Stratified random sampling
Simple random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic random sampling
If a researcher uses a linear regression model to predict outcomes on new datasets and notices that the residuals are consistently patterned instead of randomly scattered, what is this an indication of?
Every point in the dataset lies exactly on the regression line.
There is no correlation between the independent and dependent variables.
The variance of the error terms is consistent across all levels of the independent variable.
The linear model may not be appropriate for the data.
A survey is conducted to gather data on the study habits of students. The researcher randomly selects three high schools within a population and surveys all students within the selected schools. What type of sampling method is being used?
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Simple random sampling
Cluster sampling