Slopes
When comparing average commute times by car vs public transportation within one city, what method ensures independence between samples?
Randomly selecting commuters using cars separately from those using public transportation avoids overlap between groups.
Averaging commute times from a sample of car commuters and comparing it to the average commute time of a sample of public transportation commuters.
Comparing the fastest commute time by car to the fastest commute time by public transportation.
Asking car commuters and public transportation commuters to report their average commute times.
In a blind taste-test experiment comparing four brands of cola, how can experimenters reduce variability unrelated to cola preference?
Conducting all tastings at room temperature rather than serving some cold and others warm increases consistency in testing conditions.
Allowing participants unlimited sips until they feel confident identifying their preferred cola introduces inconsistent sampling sizes across trials.
Providing information about each brand's sales statistics prior to tasting allows participants' preconceived notions affect their choice.
Assigning identical cups with no brand labels ensures that visual cues do not influence preferences.
In assessing the relationship between hours studied per week (continuous) and final exam score (continuous), what would be the most appropriate method to determine if there exists a significant predictive relationship?
Simple linear regression analysis
Pearson's correlation coefficient
One-way ANOVA
Chi-square goodness-of-fit test
If a linear regression model has a residual plot with increasing variability as the predicted values increase, which transformation of the response variable could potentially correct this heteroscedasticity?
A logarithmic transformation of the response variable.
A square root transformation of the predictor variable.
Adding a constant to each value of the response variable.
A reciprocal transformation of both variables.
If researchers want to compare median survival times across more than two groups, what non-parametric statistical test should they use given censored data is present?
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Kruskal-Wallis H test
Log-rank test
Mann-Whitney U test
What statistical measure describes how far away each data point tends to be from the mean?
Median
Mode
Range
Standard deviation
In considering patterns within time series plots, what feature might flag an unusual observation?
Inconsistent variation throughout different periods.
A sudden departure from an established trend over time.
An overall increasing trend across all time periods observed.
A slight fluctuation around a stable mean level over time.

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In which scenario would a stratified random sample be most beneficial compared to a simple random sample?
When resources for conducting a survey are too limited for complex sampling methods.
When there is no apparent subgroup or partition within the population being surveyed.
When researchers want to ensure representation across different year groups in a high school survey.
When selecting any individual has an equal chance of influencing survey results regardless of subgroups.
Which method involves selecting individuals to be included in a sample based on set criteria or convenience?
Stratified sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
What characteristic in a residual plot would suggest that there may be outliers or influential observations in your data set?
Consistently small residuals indicating a good fit for most data points.
Residuals randomly scattered around zero with no apparent pattern.
Residuals forming a horizontal band centered at zero without distinct trends.
Residuals that vastly differ from other residuals (either very high or very low).