Slopes

Randomly selecting commuters using cars separately from those using public transportation avoids overlap between groups.

Averaging commute times from a sample of car commuters and comparing it to the average commute time of a sample of public transportation commuters.

Comparing the fastest commute time by car to the fastest commute time by public transportation.

Asking car commuters and public transportation commuters to report their average commute times.

A logarithmic transformation of the response variable.

A square root transformation of the predictor variable.

Adding a constant to each value of the response variable.

A reciprocal transformation of both variables.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Log-rank test

Mann-Whitney U test

Median

Mode

Range

Standard deviation

Conducting all tastings at room temperature rather than serving some cold and others warm increases consistency in testing conditions.

Allowing participants unlimited sips until they feel confident identifying their preferred cola introduces inconsistent sampling sizes across trials.

Providing information about each brand's sales statistics prior to tasting allows participants' preconceived notions affect their choice.

Assigning identical cups with no brand labels ensures that visual cues do not influence preferences.

Simple linear regression analysis

Pearson's correlation coefficient

One-way ANOVA

Chi-square goodness-of-fit test

There was a larger range of scores suggesting greater differences in student understanding.

The highest and lowest test scores were more extreme than in other datasets.

Students had widely varied test scores far from the classroom mean score.

Student scores were closer to the mean, indicating more uniform performance across individuals.

For every pair, one unit receives both treatments simultaneously allowing immediate comparison of effects.

By matching pairs based on specific characteristics, it eliminates all forms of bias from creeping into experiments.

Matched pairs require fewer subjects overall, reducing costs dramatically compared to other methods.

It controls better for variation between subjects by pairing similar units before applying treatments.

Convenience sampling

Simple random sample

Stratified random sample

Snowball sample

Inconsistent variation throughout different periods.

A sudden departure from an established trend over time.

An overall increasing trend across all time periods observed.

A slight fluctuation around a stable mean level over time.