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What are the differences between the Delegate and Trustee models of representation?
Delegate: Acts on direct constituent wishes. Trustee: Uses own best judgment.
Compare and contrast the Delegate and Politico models.
Delegate: Direct constituent wishes. Politico: Balances judgment and wishes.
Compare and contrast the Trustee and Politico models.
Trustee: Own judgment. Politico: Balances judgment and wishes.
What is the difference between redistricting and gerrymandering?
Redistricting: Redrawing boundaries. Gerrymandering: Manipulating boundaries for political gain.
How do the Delegate and Trustee models view the role of public opinion?
Delegate: Public opinion is paramount. Trustee: Public opinion is secondary to judgment.
How do the Delegate and Trustee models view the role of expertise?
Delegate: Expertise is less important than constituent views. Trustee: Expertise is critical for informed decisions.
How do the Delegate and Politico models view the role of compromise?
Delegate: Compromise is less important than representing constituent views. Politico: Compromise is necessary to achieve practical outcomes.
How do the Trustee and Politico models view the role of compromise?
Trustee: Compromise is acceptable if it aligns with best judgment. Politico: Compromise is essential to balance ideals and public opinion.
What is the difference between 'packing' and 'cracking' in gerrymandering?
Packing: Concentrating opposition voters into one district. Cracking: Spreading opposition voters across many districts.
Compare and contrast the effects of divided government and unified government on legislative efficiency.
Divided: Can lead to gridlock and inefficiency. Unified: Can facilitate quicker passage of legislation.
Define 'Delegate Model'.
Representatives act on the direct wishes of their constituents.
Define 'Trustee Model'.
Representatives use their own best judgment to make decisions.
Define 'Politico Model'.
Representatives balance their own judgment with constituent wishes, acting pragmatically.
What is 'Gridlock'?
When the government is unable to move forward due to partisan disagreements.
What is 'Divided Government'?
When the President is from one party and one or both chambers of Congress are controlled by another party.
Define 'Gerrymandering'.
Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.
Define 'Redistricting'.
The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries.
What is 'Partisanship'?
Strong allegiance to one's own political party, often leading to unwillingness to compromise with members of the opposing party.
Define 'Unequal Representation'.
When some people's votes count more than others due to district lines or other factors.
Define 'Lame-duck' president.
An executive toward the end of their term with diminishing influence.
What was the significance of Baker v. Carr (1962)?
Opened the door to challenges against unequal district sizes, establishing 'one person, one vote'.
What was the significance of Shaw v. Reno (1993)?
Ruled that race cannot be the predominant factor in redistricting; racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional.
What principle did Baker v. Carr establish?
The principle of 'one person, one vote,' requiring districts to be roughly equal in population.
What did Shaw v. Reno prohibit?
Racial gerrymandering, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor in redistricting.
What was the impact of Baker v. Carr on representation?
It allowed for challenges to unequal district sizes, leading to more equitable representation based on population.
What was the effect of Shaw v. Reno on redistricting?
It limited the use of race as the primary factor in drawing district lines, aiming to prevent discriminatory gerrymandering.
What constitutional principle was at stake in Baker v. Carr?
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, ensuring equal representation under the law.
What constitutional principle was at stake in Shaw v. Reno?
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, preventing racial discrimination in redistricting.
What is the central holding of Baker v. Carr?
Federal courts can hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
What is the central holding of Shaw v. Reno?
Although it can be permissible to consider race when drawing district lines, race cannot be the predominant factor.