What are the causes and effects of ideological divisions in Congress?
Cause: Differing political beliefs. Effect: Disagreements and gridlock.
What are the causes and effects of divided government?
Cause: Different party control of branches. Effect: Partisan votes, gridlock, lame-duck presidents.
What are the causes and effects of gerrymandering?
Cause: Manipulating district boundaries. Effect: Unfair representation, less competitive elections.
What is a cause and effect of increased partisanship?
Cause: Increased polarization. Effect: Reduced compromise in Congress.
What is a cause and effect of 'one person, one vote'?
Cause: Baker v. Carr. Effect: Districts with roughly equal populations.
What is a cause and effect of racial gerrymandering?
Cause: Drawing district lines based predominantly on race. Effect: Dilution of minority voting power.
What is a cause and effect of an aging population?
Cause: Increased life expectancy and declining birth rates. Effect: Increased demand for Social Security and Medicare.
What is a cause and effect of increased campaign spending?
Cause: Citizens United v. FEC. Effect: Greater influence of money in elections.
What is a cause and effect of social media?
Cause: Technological advancements. Effect: Increased political polarization and spread of misinformation.
What is a cause and effect of the decline in trust in government?
Cause: Political scandals and gridlock. Effect: Decreased voter turnout and civic engagement.
What was the significance of Baker v. Carr (1962)?
Opened the door to challenges against unequal district sizes, establishing 'one person, one vote'.
What was the significance of Shaw v. Reno (1993)?
Ruled that race cannot be the predominant factor in redistricting; racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional.
What principle did Baker v. Carr establish?
The principle of 'one person, one vote,' requiring districts to be roughly equal in population.
What did Shaw v. Reno prohibit?
Racial gerrymandering, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor in redistricting.
What was the impact of Baker v. Carr on representation?
It allowed for challenges to unequal district sizes, leading to more equitable representation based on population.
What was the effect of Shaw v. Reno on redistricting?
It limited the use of race as the primary factor in drawing district lines, aiming to prevent discriminatory gerrymandering.
What constitutional principle was at stake in Baker v. Carr?
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, ensuring equal representation under the law.
What constitutional principle was at stake in Shaw v. Reno?
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, preventing racial discrimination in redistricting.
What is the central holding of Baker v. Carr?
Federal courts can hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
What is the central holding of Shaw v. Reno?
Although it can be permissible to consider race when drawing district lines, race cannot be the predominant factor.
What are the differences between the Delegate and Trustee models of representation?
Delegate: Acts on direct constituent wishes. Trustee: Uses own best judgment.
Compare and contrast the Delegate and Politico models.
Delegate: Direct constituent wishes. Politico: Balances judgment and wishes.
Compare and contrast the Trustee and Politico models.
Trustee: Own judgment. Politico: Balances judgment and wishes.
What is the difference between redistricting and gerrymandering?
Redistricting: Redrawing boundaries. Gerrymandering: Manipulating boundaries for political gain.
How do the Delegate and Trustee models view the role of public opinion?
Delegate: Public opinion is paramount. Trustee: Public opinion is secondary to judgment.
How do the Delegate and Trustee models view the role of expertise?
Delegate: Expertise is less important than constituent views. Trustee: Expertise is critical for informed decisions.
How do the Delegate and Politico models view the role of compromise?
Delegate: Compromise is less important than representing constituent views. Politico: Compromise is necessary to achieve practical outcomes.
How do the Trustee and Politico models view the role of compromise?
Trustee: Compromise is acceptable if it aligns with best judgment. Politico: Compromise is essential to balance ideals and public opinion.
What is the difference between 'packing' and 'cracking' in gerrymandering?
Packing: Concentrating opposition voters into one district. Cracking: Spreading opposition voters across many districts.
Compare and contrast the effects of divided government and unified government on legislative efficiency.
Divided: Can lead to gridlock and inefficiency. Unified: Can facilitate quicker passage of legislation.
