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Define 'Delegate Model'.
Representatives act on the direct wishes of their constituents.
Define 'Trustee Model'.
Representatives use their own best judgment to make decisions.
Define 'Politico Model'.
Representatives balance their own judgment with constituent wishes, acting pragmatically.
What is 'Gridlock'?
When the government is unable to move forward due to partisan disagreements.
What is 'Divided Government'?
When the President is from one party and one or both chambers of Congress are controlled by another party.
Define 'Gerrymandering'.
Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.
Define 'Redistricting'.
The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries.
What is 'Partisanship'?
Strong allegiance to one's own political party, often leading to unwillingness to compromise with members of the opposing party.
Define 'Unequal Representation'.
When some people's votes count more than others due to district lines or other factors.
Define 'Lame-duck' president.
An executive toward the end of their term with diminishing influence.
What are the causes and effects of ideological divisions in Congress?
Cause: Differing political beliefs. Effect: Disagreements and gridlock.
What are the causes and effects of divided government?
Cause: Different party control of branches. Effect: Partisan votes, gridlock, lame-duck presidents.
What are the causes and effects of gerrymandering?
Cause: Manipulating district boundaries. Effect: Unfair representation, less competitive elections.
What is a cause and effect of increased partisanship?
Cause: Increased polarization. Effect: Reduced compromise in Congress.
What is a cause and effect of 'one person, one vote'?
Cause: Baker v. Carr. Effect: Districts with roughly equal populations.
What is a cause and effect of racial gerrymandering?
Cause: Drawing district lines based predominantly on race. Effect: Dilution of minority voting power.
What is a cause and effect of an aging population?
Cause: Increased life expectancy and declining birth rates. Effect: Increased demand for Social Security and Medicare.
What is a cause and effect of increased campaign spending?
Cause: Citizens United v. FEC. Effect: Greater influence of money in elections.
What is a cause and effect of social media?
Cause: Technological advancements. Effect: Increased political polarization and spread of misinformation.
What is a cause and effect of the decline in trust in government?
Cause: Political scandals and gridlock. Effect: Decreased voter turnout and civic engagement.
What are the differences between the Delegate and Trustee models of representation?
Delegate: Acts on direct constituent wishes. Trustee: Uses own best judgment.
Compare and contrast the Delegate and Politico models.
Delegate: Direct constituent wishes. Politico: Balances judgment and wishes.
Compare and contrast the Trustee and Politico models.
Trustee: Own judgment. Politico: Balances judgment and wishes.
What is the difference between redistricting and gerrymandering?
Redistricting: Redrawing boundaries. Gerrymandering: Manipulating boundaries for political gain.
How do the Delegate and Trustee models view the role of public opinion?
Delegate: Public opinion is paramount. Trustee: Public opinion is secondary to judgment.
How do the Delegate and Trustee models view the role of expertise?
Delegate: Expertise is less important than constituent views. Trustee: Expertise is critical for informed decisions.
How do the Delegate and Politico models view the role of compromise?
Delegate: Compromise is less important than representing constituent views. Politico: Compromise is necessary to achieve practical outcomes.
How do the Trustee and Politico models view the role of compromise?
Trustee: Compromise is acceptable if it aligns with best judgment. Politico: Compromise is essential to balance ideals and public opinion.
What is the difference between 'packing' and 'cracking' in gerrymandering?
Packing: Concentrating opposition voters into one district. Cracking: Spreading opposition voters across many districts.
Compare and contrast the effects of divided government and unified government on legislative efficiency.
Divided: Can lead to gridlock and inefficiency. Unified: Can facilitate quicker passage of legislation.