Glossary
Classical Individualism (Republican Individualism)
A form of individualism that stresses individual freedoms, autonomy, and civic duties, advocating for limited government to protect these liberties.
Example:
A person who believes in classical individualism might argue that community problems are best solved through private charity and volunteer efforts, not government programs.
Equality of Opportunity
The principle that everyone should have a fair chance to succeed, though interpretations vary on how this is achieved.
Example:
The debate over college admissions often centers on equality of opportunity, with some arguing for merit-based systems and others for affirmative action.
Formal Equality of Opportunity
The belief that everyone should have equal access to opportunities regardless of background, emphasizing individual responsibility and merit-based systems with minimal government interference.
Example:
A standardized test for college admission exemplifies formal equality of opportunity, as it aims to provide all applicants with the same assessment, regardless of their high school.
Free Enterprise
An economic system where private businesses operate with minimal government intervention, though the degree of acceptable regulation is debated.
Example:
The decision to deregulate a particular industry, like airlines in the 1970s, was driven by a belief in the benefits of free enterprise.
Individualism
A core American value emphasizing the importance of the individual, shaping views on government and society.
Example:
The American emphasis on personal achievement and self-reliance stems from a strong belief in individualism.
Limited Government
A political system where the powers of the government are restricted by law, typically through a constitution, to protect individual liberties.
Example:
The Bill of Rights serves as a cornerstone of limited government, explicitly outlining what the government cannot do to its citizens.
Modern Individualism (Expressive Individualism)
A form of individualism focused on self-expression and personal fulfillment, often supporting government intervention to ensure equal opportunity and protect individual choices.
Example:
Advocates for LGBTQ+ rights often draw upon modern individualism, asserting the importance of personal identity and the freedom to express oneself without discrimination.
Rule of Law
The principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law.
Example:
When a president faces legal challenges or investigations, it demonstrates the enduring power of the rule of law, as no one is considered above the legal system.
Substantive Equality of Opportunity
The belief that equal outcomes are as important as equal access, advocating for government intervention to address systemic inequalities and provide resources for success.
Example:
Programs like Head Start, which provide early education and support to children from low-income families, are designed to promote substantive equality of opportunity.