Foundations of American Democracy

Roe v. Wade

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

Miranda v. Arizona

Brown v. Board of Education

It abolished segregation in public schools.

It allowed for police to search without a warrant.

It led to the principle of "one person, one vote."

It limited free speech protections.

Civil rights focus on equal protection, while civil liberties focus on freedom and personal rights.

Civil rights protect against government actions, while civil liberties limit government power.

Civil liberties are only for citizens, whereas civil rights extend to all residents.

There is no distinction; the terms are interchangeable.

Both included a Bill of Rights.

Both granted voting rights to all adults regardless of sex or race.

Both provided more power to individual states than to the central government.

Both were created during war times.

Gitlow v New York which incorporated freedom of speech through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Plessy v Ferguson discussing the Separate but Equal doctrine, later overturned by Brown v Board of Education

Mapp v Ohio's exclusionary rule pertaining to evidence obtained in violation of Fourth Amendment rights

Incorporation Doctrine defined in Maryland v McCulloh, establishing federal law's supremacy over state law

Established mandatory prayer in schools as constitutional.

Permitted random drug testing by school authorities

Allowed state-sponsored censorship within schools

It struck down racial segregation in public school as unconstitutional.

Their chances would decrease as larger parties form coalitions to maintain dominance over fragmented smaller parties.

It diminishes their likelihood because it raises campaign cost thresholds making it difficult for third-parties to compete financially with major parties.

Third-party candidates' success rates remain unchanged due to entrenched two-party voter preferences irrespective of electoral systems used.

It may increase their chances because legislative seats are allocated based on percentages of votes received rather than winner-take-all contests in districts.

Racial discrimination in public education might have persisted longer.

All White or all Black Schools would never allow student from opposite race.

There wouldn't have been any civil rights movement following it.

Every state may opt out of federal funding for schools instead allowing segregation.

Increase populist movements pushing for systemic changes.

Encourage bipartisan coalitions in Congress.

Decrease interest group influence over policymaking.

Lead to higher voter turnout at presidential elections.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)