All Flashcards
What were the causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange?
Causes: European desire for new trade routes, resources, and expansion. Effects: Exchange of plants, animals, diseases; population changes; economic transformation; globalization.
What were the causes and effects of the Encomienda System?
Causes: Spanish need for labor in the colonies. Effects: Exploitation and abuse of Native Americans; decline in Native populations; shift to African slavery.
What were the causes of European exploration?
The '3 Gs': God, Gold, and Glory, plus curiosity and competition between European powers.
What were the effects of European diseases on Native populations?
Decimation of Native populations due to lack of immunity, leading to social and economic disruption.
What were the effects of the introduction of horses to the Americas?
Transformed the environment and economies of the Americas.
What were the causes of the shift to African Slavery?
The failure and inhumane nature of the Encomienda system and the high demand for labor.
What were the effects of the shift to African Slavery?
Social systems based on lineage and ethnicity created rigid hierarchies.
What were the causes of the founding of Jamestown?
Funded by the Virginia Company, it became England's first permanent colony, focused on tobacco production.
What were the causes of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Columbus's voyage and the resulting competition between Spain and Portugal for newly discovered lands.
What were the effects of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Division of the world between Spain and Portugal, influencing colonization patterns.
Compare the Encomienda system and chattel slavery.
Encomienda: forced labor primarily targeting Native Americans. Chattel slavery: ownership of individuals as property, primarily Africans.
Compare Spanish and English colonization methods.
Spanish: Focused on extracting resources, converting natives, and establishing strict control. English: Initially focused on trade and agriculture, with more autonomy for colonists.
Compare the impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Europe and the Americas.
Europe: Population growth due to new crops, economic expansion. Americas: Disease, social disruption, and introduction of new species.
Compare the motivations for Spanish and English exploration.
Spanish: Primarily driven by gold, glory, and spreading Catholicism. English: Driven by economic opportunities, religious freedom (for some), and establishing colonies.
Compare the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans in the Spanish and English colonies.
Spanish: Focused on converting and controlling Native populations through the Encomienda system. English: Initially cooperative for trade, but often led to conflict over land and resources.
Compare the goals of de las Casas and Sepulveda.
de las Casas: To advocate for the rights and humane treatment of Native Americans. Sepulveda: To justify the Encomienda system and Spanish dominance.
Compare the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism.
Feudalism: Based on land ownership and hierarchical social structure. Capitalism: Based on private ownership, free markets, and profit motive.
Compare the social structures of the Aztec and Inca empires.
Aztec: Hierarchical society with a strong military and religious elite. Inca: Highly centralized empire with a complex system of roads and administration.
Compare the initial goals of the Roanoke and Jamestown colonies.
Roanoke: To establish a permanent English settlement in North America. Jamestown: To generate profit for the Virginia Company through resource extraction.
Compare the roles of horses and potatoes in the Columbian Exchange.
Horses: Transformed the environment and economies of the Americas. Potatoes: Led to a population boom in Europe.
Who was Christopher Columbus?
An Italian explorer sailing for Spain who 'discovered' the New World.
Who were Francisco Pizarro and Hernán Cortés?
Spanish conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and Inca empires.
Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?
A Spanish missionary who opposed the enslavement of Native Americans.
Who was Juan de Sepúlveda?
A Spanish priest who supported the Encomienda System.
Who was Bartolome de las Casas?
Spanish missionary against Native enslavement.
Who was Juan de Sepulveda?
Spanish priest supporting the Encomienda System.
What was the role of Hernan Cortes?
Spanish conquistador who played a key role in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
What was the role of Francisco Pizarro?
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.
What was the role of the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas?
Indigenous tribes conquered by the Spanish.
What was the role of Christopher Columbus?
Italian explorer sailing for Spain, 'discovered' the New World.