First Great Awakening: religious revival, individual salvation. Second Great Awakening: social reform, new denominations, women's roles.

Both advocated for abolition, but Garrison favored immediate emancipation while Douglass emphasized political action and self-reliance.

Temperance Movement: aimed to reduce alcohol consumption through moral suasion. Women's Rights Movement: challenged laws restricting women's rights through activism and advocacy.

Jeffersonian: favored limited government and agrarianism. Jacksonian: favored increased political participation for the common man and a strong executive.

American System: economic development through infrastructure and tariffs. Manifest Destiny: territorial expansion across the continent.

North: Industrialization, urbanization, wage labor. South: Agricultural economy, reliance on slavery, limited industrial development.

Whigs: Supported a strong federal government, national bank, and protective tariffs. Democrats: Favored limited government, states' rights, and individual liberty.

Both acquisitions intensified the debate over whether new territories should be free or slave, leading to compromises and conflicts.

Abolitionist movement sought to end slavery, while the temperance movement aimed to reduce alcohol consumption. Both were driven by moral and social concerns.

Marbury v. Madison established judicial review, while McCulloch v. Maryland reinforced the implied powers of the Constitution, both strengthening the Supreme Court's role.

Causes: Technological innovation, demand for goods. Effects: Factory system, urbanization, changing gender roles.

Causes: Belief in American exceptionalism, desire for land. Effects: Westward expansion, conflict with Native Americans, debate over slavery.

Causes: Desire for spiritual renewal, social anxieties. Effects: Reform movements, new religions, increased women's roles.

Causes: Opportunity to expand U.S. territory, desire to control Mississippi River. Effects: Doubled the size of the U.S., opened new territories, fueled westward expansion.

Causes: Growing tensions over slavery, need to maintain balance in Congress. Effects: Temporarily eased tensions, but ultimately failed to resolve the slavery issue.

Causes: Desire for Native American lands, belief in white superiority. Effects: Forced removal of Native Americans, Trail of Tears, loss of Native American culture.

Causes: Brutality of slavery, desire for freedom. Effects: Increased fear among slaveholders, stricter slave codes, heightened tensions over slavery.

Causes: Disagreement over tariffs, belief in states' rights. Effects: Showdown between South Carolina and federal government, threat of secession, debate over federal power.

Causes: Jackson's distrust of the national bank, belief in limited government. Effects: Destruction of the national bank, economic instability, rise of the Whig Party.

Causes: U.S. expansionist ambitions, victory in the Mexican-American War. Effects: Acquisition of vast territories, increased sectional tensions over slavery, debate over the Wilmot Proviso.

A significant economic transformation in America involving industrialization and infrastructure development.

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.

Growing divisions between the North and South, primarily over the issue of slavery.

An era marked by increased political participation for white men, associated with Andrew Jackson.

Henry Clay's plan for economic development: a national bank, infrastructure, and protective tariffs.

Taxes on imported goods designed to support American industries by making domestic products more competitive.

The elimination of property qualifications for voting, allowing more white men to vote.

Western New York, a region known for its intense religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening.

The movement to end slavery, a major source of tension and conflict in the U.S.

The principle established in Marbury v. Madison, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.