Leasing prisoners (mostly Black) to private companies for labor.

Tenant farming in exchange for a share of the crops, often trapping Black families in debt.

Southern laws restricting the rights of newly freed Black people.

Laws criminalizing homelessness and unemployment, forcing Black people into labor.

Segregation laws mandating racial separation in public spaces.

Fees required to vote, disenfranchising many Black people.

Difficult tests designed to prevent Black people from voting.

Exemptions from literacy tests based on ancestors' pre-Civil War voting eligibility.

White Southerners who supported the Republican Party during Reconstruction.

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction for opportunity.

Cause: Civil War. Effect: Abolished slavery, but led to convict leasing.

Cause: Need to protect Black civil rights. Effect: Citizenship granted, but undermined by Black Codes.

Cause: Granting Black men suffrage. Effect: Poll taxes and violence restricted Black voting.

Cause: Southern desire to control Black population. Effect: Restricted Black rights, limited freedom.

Cause: Racial prejudice. Effect: Segregation and inequality in the South.

Cause: Disputed election. Effect: Ended Reconstruction, failed to protect Black rights.

Cause: White supremacy. Effect: Intimidation of Black voters, undermined Reconstruction.

Cause: Corruption and greed. Effect: Weakened public trust in the government.

President whose administration was marked by corruption and scandal.

Became president through the Compromise of 1877, ending Reconstruction.