What was the 13th Amendment?
Abolished slavery, but loopholes led to convict leasing and sharecropping.
What was the 14th Amendment?
Granted citizenship and equal protection, but Black Codes limited its impact.
What was the 15th Amendment?
Granted Black men the right to vote, but poll taxes and violence restricted it.
What was the Slaughterhouse Cases?
Weakened the 14th Amendment, limiting federal protection of civil rights.
What was the Cruikshank Case?
Ruled federal government couldn't prosecute individuals violating Black civil rights.
What was the Colfax Massacre?
An example of violence used to prevent Black people from voting.
What was the Gold Market Scheme?
Wall Street financiers tried to corner the gold market during Grant's presidency.
What was the Credit Mobilier Affair?
Insiders gave stock to Congressmen to avoid investigation of railroad profits.
What was the Whiskey Ring?
Federal agents defrauded the government of millions in liquor taxes.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
Hayes became president; military occupation ended, failing to protect Black rights.
What is Convict Leasing?
Leasing prisoners (mostly Black) to private companies for labor.
What is Sharecropping?
Tenant farming in exchange for a share of the crops, often trapping Black families in debt.
What are Black Codes?
Southern laws restricting the rights of newly freed Black people.
What are Vagrancy Laws?
Laws criminalizing homelessness and unemployment, forcing Black people into labor.
What are Jim Crow Laws?
Segregation laws mandating racial separation in public spaces.
What are Poll Taxes?
Fees required to vote, disenfranchising many Black people.
What are Literacy Tests?
Difficult tests designed to prevent Black people from voting.
What are Grandfather Clauses?
Exemptions from literacy tests based on ancestors' pre-Civil War voting eligibility.
Who were Scalawags?
White Southerners who supported the Republican Party during Reconstruction.
Who were Carpetbaggers?
Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction for opportunity.
Who was Ulysses S. Grant?
President whose administration was marked by corruption and scandal.
Who was Rutherford B. Hayes?
Became president through the Compromise of 1877, ending Reconstruction.
