Civil War and Reconstruction, 1848–1877

Foreign policy impacts on Southern Reconstruction efforts.

Westward expansion's influence on racial attitudes and conflicts.

The enduring effects of slavery and its racial ideologies in the South.

Economic strains from post-war industrialization in the South.

Abraham Lincoln would likely still be alive.

African Americans wouldn't receive voting rights until much later than they did historically.

President Johnson may not have faced impeachment charges.

Southern States would regain control over former slaves' civil rights immediately after their secession.

The Missouri Compromise

The Emancipation Proclamation

The Homestead Act

The Reconstruction Acts

It established new protections for workers and unions.

It established new regulations on the banking industry.

It ended Reconstruction and withdrew federal troops from the South.

It granted voting rights to African Americans in the South.

The Southern Democrats aimed to restore pre-war social order while the Radical Republicans sought equality for African Americans.

The Southern Democrats wanted to expand voting rights for women, unlike the Radical Republicans.

The Southern Democrats supported federal intervention in state affairs, while the Radical Republicans opposed it.

The Southern Democrats sought to preserve slavery, whereas the Radical Republicans advocated abolition.

The withdrawal of federal troops from the South and an end to Reconstruction-era reforms.

An immediate enactment of Jim Crow laws throughout Southern states.

Increased Northern investment in Southern infrastructure projects.

A stronger enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.

It often trapped them in cycles of debt and poverty.

It provided consistent wages leading to economic stability.

It allowed them easy access to landownership opportunities.

It secured their financial independence from former slaveholders.

The enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 by Congress.

His election as an African American legislator during Reconstruction.

The establishment of sharecropping systems in the South.

The ratification of the 14th Amendment, granting citizenship rights.

The Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.

The Fourteenth Amendment granting equal protection under the law.

The Fifteenth Amendment giving right to vote regardless of race or color.

The Sixteenth Amendment authorizing income tax.

Andrew Johnson

Ulysses S.Grant

Abraham Lincoln

Thaddeus Stevens