A non-union worker hired to replace striking employees.

The closing of a factory or business by the employer to prevent workers from working, often during a labor dispute.

A list of individuals or organizations that are to be avoided or distrusted, often used by employers to prevent pro-union workers from getting jobs.

An agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees not to be a member of a labor union.

A court order requiring a person or group to stop a specified action, often used to halt strikes.

A period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the late 19th century, marked by vast wealth inequality and social problems.

An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Negotiation between an employer and a labor union on wages, hours, and working conditions.

A large business entity that controls a significant portion of an industry, often seen as suppressing competition.

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Cause: Wage cuts. Effect: Federal intervention and widespread disruption.

Cause: Labor protest for an 8-hour workday. Effect: Public backlash against unions and weakened Knights of Labor.

Cause: Wage cuts at Carnegie's steel mill. Effect: Violence, state militia intervention, and weakening of the steelworkers' union.

Cause: Wage cuts and poor conditions at Pullman Palace Car Company. Effect: Federal intervention, court injunctions, and suppression of the strike.

Cause: Technological advancements and investment. Effect: Economic growth, wealth concentration, and harsh working conditions.

Cause: Management's desire to maintain control and profits. Effect: Weakened labor unions and suppressed worker rights.

Cause: Over-speculation and financial instability. Effect: Economic depression, decreased union membership, and dissolution of the NLU.

Cause: Poverty and demand for cheap labor. Effect: Exploitation of children, lack of education, and long-term health problems.

Cause: Economic opportunities and political/religious persecution. Effect: Increased labor supply, nativism, and cultural diversity.

Cause: Pressure from business owners and concerns about public order. Effect: Suppression of strikes and weakening of labor unions.

Knights of Labor had broader, more idealistic goals (end child labor, abolish trusts), while the AFL focused on practical gains (better wages, working conditions).

In both strikes, the government sided with business owners and used federal troops or court injunctions to suppress the strikes.

The Knights of Labor was more inclusive, accepting all workers regardless of skill, race, or gender, while the AFL primarily organized skilled workers.

Both strikes demonstrated the power of management and government to suppress labor unrest, but the Pullman Strike had a more immediate impact due to federal intervention.

The Haymarket Riot damaged the public image of labor unions, while the Pullman Strike highlighted the government's pro-business stance.

The Knights of Labor was more effective than the NLU due to its broader goals and more inclusive membership.

Management used tactics like lockouts and blacklists, while labor used strikes and collective bargaining.

State governments often used militia to suppress strikes, while the federal government used troops and court injunctions.

Short-term: economic growth and harsh working conditions. Long-term: improved living standards and labor reforms.

Both strikes were caused by wage cuts, but the Homestead Strike also involved a lockout and the use of Pinkerton guards.