All Flashcards
Define Periodization.
The division of history into specific blocks of time, marked by turning points or significant shifts.
What is Feudalism?
A political system in Western Europe characterized by distinct social classes and land ownership in exchange for service.
What is Sinicization?
The process of non-Chinese societies adopting Chinese culture, technology, and systems.
Define Dar al-Islam.
Refers to the lands under Islamic rule, particularly during the growth of Islam in the Middle East.
What is a Caliphate?
A Muslim empire ruled by a Caliph, considered the successor to Muhammad. Examples include the Umayyads and Abbasids.
Define Renaissance.
A period in European history marking the end of the post-classical era, characterized by a revival of interest in classical art and literature.
What are Griots?
Traditional West African storytellers responsible for passing down oral histories and cultural knowledge.
What is Caesaropapism?
A political system where the head of state also controls the religious institutions, as seen in the Byzantine Empire.
What is the Epic of Sundiata?
A traditional West African oral history about Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Kingdom of Mali.
Define SPICE themes.
Social, Political, Interactions with the Environment, Culture, Economics. A framework for analyzing historical events.
What were the causes and effects of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca?
Cause: Mansa Musa's religious devotion and desire to fulfill Islamic obligations. Effect: Displayed Mali's wealth, caused economic disruption due to gold distribution, and promoted education and arts.
What were the causes and effects of the fall of Rome?
Causes: Internal political instability, economic decline, and external invasions. Effects: Led to the rise of feudalism in Western Europe and the growth of new empires.
What were the causes and effects of the Mongol conquests?
Causes: Genghis Khan's military leadership and desire for expansion. Effects: Facilitated trade route growth, impacted China through the Yuan Dynasty, and spread the Black Death.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Islam?
Causes: Muhammad's teachings and the desire for a unified religious and political system. Effects: Led to the growth of the Middle East, the establishment of caliphates, and the spread of Islamic culture.
What were the causes and effects of the Crusades?
Causes: Religious zeal, the desire to reclaim the Holy Land, and the promise of wealth and land. Effects: Increased contact between Europe and the Middle East, stimulated trade and cultural exchange, and led to religious and political tensions.
What were the causes and effects of the Black Death?
Causes: Spread along trade routes by fleas on rats. Effects: Significant demographic decline, economic disruption, and social unrest.
What were the causes and effects of the Renaissance?
Causes: Renewed interest in classical art and literature, economic prosperity, and the patronage of wealthy families. Effects: Cultural and intellectual flourishing, the development of new artistic and scientific techniques, and the questioning of traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of the Age of Exploration?
Causes: The desire for new trade routes, the spread of Christianity, and the pursuit of wealth and power. Effects: Increased global interconnectedness, the Columbian Exchange, and the rise of European colonialism.
What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes: Dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church, the spread of humanist ideas, and the invention of the printing press. Effects: Religious divisions, the rise of Protestant denominations, and religious wars.
What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?
Causes: The questioning of traditional authority, the development of new scientific instruments, and the pursuit of knowledge. Effects: New scientific discoveries, the development of the scientific method, and the rise of modern science.
Compare Western and Eastern Europe during 1200-1450.
Western Europe experienced feudalism and the enhanced role of the Catholic Church. Eastern Europe saw the Byzantine Empire and the influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Compare the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates.
Both were major Muslim empires, but differed in their approaches to governance and cultural influence.
Compare the Aztec and Inca empires.
Aztecs had a tribute system and practiced human sacrifice. The Incas had a centralized government and an extensive road system.
Compare the political systems of Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
Western Europe was characterized by feudalism and decentralized power, while the Byzantine Empire had a centralized state with a powerful emperor.
Compare the economic systems of the Mali Empire and the Swahili city-states.
The Mali Empire relied on the control of gold trade, while the Swahili city-states thrived on Indian Ocean trade.
Compare the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world.
The Byzantine Empire was known for its mosaics and the Hagia Sophia, while the Islamic world made significant contributions to mathematics, science, and art.
Compare the roles of women in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
Women in Western Europe had limited roles in politics and society, while women in the Byzantine Empire had more opportunities for education and influence.
Compare the impacts of the Mongol Empire on China and Russia.
In China, the Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty and promoted trade, while in Russia, they established the Golden Horde and extracted tribute.
Compare the religious practices of the Aztecs and the Incas.
The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice to appease their gods, while the Incas had a more complex pantheon and focused on ancestor worship.
Compare the trade networks of the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean.
The Silk Road connected East Asia with Europe and the Middle East, while the Indian Ocean connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.