All Flashcards
Define Dar al-Islam.
Arabic for 'the abode of Islam,' referring to lands where Islam is dominant and Sharia law is practiced.
What is Sharia Law?
A strict code of conduct covering all aspects of life, from prayer to social behavior, in Islam.
What is the Jizya tax?
A tax paid by non-Muslims in Muslim-controlled lands for protection and religious freedom.
Define Dar al-Harb.
Arabic for 'the abode of war,' referring to non-Islamic lands.
What were the Mamluks?
Warrior caste in Egypt, originally slave soldiers, who ruled from 1250 to 1517.
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
Turkish-speaking people from Central Asia who established a vast empire in the 11th and 12th centuries.
What was the Delhi Sultanate?
Muslim sultanate ruling parts of India from the 13th to 16th centuries.
Define the term Caliphate.
An Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph.
What is the Quran?
The holy book of Islam, believed to be the final revelation of God's word.
What is the House of Wisdom?
A major intellectual center and library in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate.
Compare the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates.
Umayyad: Centered in Damascus, known for expansion. Abbasid: Centered in Baghdad, known for cultural achievements.
Compare the roles of women in Dar al-Islam vs. other contemporary societies.
Women in Dar al-Islam had varying roles, with Islamic teachings considering them equal before God, but cultural practices often led to discrimination. Compared to some contemporary societies, they had more property rights but fewer public roles.
Compare the Seljuk Turks and the Delhi Sultanate.
Seljuk Turks: Established a vast empire in the 11th and 12th centuries, spread Islam and built madrasas. Delhi Sultanate: Muslim sultanate ruling parts of India, known for cultural achievements like the Qutb Minar.
Compare the Abbasid Caliphate and the Mamluk Sultanate.
Abbasid: A vast empire known for its cultural and intellectual achievements. Mamluk: A military-based regime that ruled Egypt and Syria, known for its military prowess and patronage of the arts.
Compare the Islamic Golden Age with the European Renaissance.
Islamic Golden Age: Focused on preserving and expanding ancient knowledge, particularly in science and mathematics. European Renaissance: Rediscovered classical knowledge and emphasized humanism and artistic expression.
Compare the spread of Islam through trade with the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road.
Islam: Spread through trade routes and conquest, emphasizing religious and legal aspects. Buddhism: Spread through missionary activities and trade, emphasizing philosophical and spiritual aspects.
Compare the treatment of non-Muslims in Dar al-Islam with the treatment of religious minorities in medieval Europe.
Dar al-Islam: Non-Muslims were often subject to the jizya tax but allowed to practice their religion. Medieval Europe: Religious minorities faced persecution, forced conversions, and expulsions.
Compare the architectural styles of the Umayyad Caliphate with those of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Umayyad: Drew heavily on Byzantine and Roman influences, emphasizing grandeur and power. Abbasid: Incorporated Persian and Central Asian elements, focusing on elegance and intellectual pursuits.
Compare the roles of Sufism and orthodox Islam in the spread of Islam.
Sufism: Emphasized mystical and personal experiences, attracting converts through emotional and spiritual appeal. Orthodox Islam: Focused on legal and doctrinal aspects, spreading through conquest and state support.
Compare the impact of the Mongol invasions on Dar al-Islam with their impact on Europe.
Dar al-Islam: Led to the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate and significant cultural and demographic changes. Europe: Experienced raids and invasions but was ultimately spared from total conquest.
Who was the Prophet Muhammad?
The founder of Islam, considered the last prophet in the Islamic tradition.
Who was Charles Martel?
Leader of the Frankish forces who won the Battle of Tours in 732 CE.
Who was Qutb al-Din Aibak?
Founder of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.
Who was Harun al-Rashid?
A prominent Abbasid caliph known for his patronage of the arts and sciences.
Who was Saladin?
A Muslim military leader who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.
Who was Ibn Sina (Avicenna)?
A Persian polymath and physician who made significant contributions to medicine and philosophy.
Who was Ibn Rushd (Averroes)?
An Andalusian Muslim polymath who wrote commentaries on Aristotle and contributed to philosophy and law.
Who was Al-Khwarizmi?
A Persian mathematician who is considered one of the fathers of algebra.
Who was Omar Khayyam?
A Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and poetry.
Who was Rumi?
A 13th-century Persian poet, mystic, and Sufi master, known for his spiritual verses.