Causes: Religious zeal, trade opportunities, weak neighboring empires. Effects: Spread of Islam, cultural exchange, development of trade networks.

Causes: Islamic expansion into Europe. Effects: Halted Islamic expansion, preserved Frankish kingdom.

Causes: Internal conflicts, rise of new powers, Mongol invasions. Effects: Fragmentation of the Islamic world, rise of Mamluks and Seljuks.

Causes: Religious fervor, desire for land and wealth. Effects: Increased trade between Europe and the Middle East, cultural exchange, but also religious animosity.

Causes: Mongol expansionist policies and desire for conquest. Effects: Destruction of Baghdad, end of the Abbasid Caliphate, and significant demographic and cultural changes.

Causes: Christian kingdoms seeking to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule. Effects: Gradual loss of Muslim territory, cultural and religious tensions, and the eventual expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain.

Causes: Mystical interpretations of Islam, reaction against the formalism of religious scholars. Effects: Spread of Islam through missionaries and mystics, development of unique cultural and artistic expressions.

Causes: Muslim conquests in India. Effects: Spread of Islam in India, cultural synthesis, and the development of Indo-Islamic architecture.

Causes: Desire to preserve and build upon ancient knowledge. Effects: Preservation of Greek and Roman texts, advancement of science and philosophy, and the development of Islamic scholarship.

Causes: Need for a comprehensive legal system based on the Quran and Hadith. Effects: Regulation of social, economic, and religious life, and the establishment of legal schools and interpretations.

Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated an Islamic army, halting Islamic expansion into Europe.

A center of culture, learning, and trade in the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule.

The second caliphate, centered in Damascus, known for expansion and development of Arabic.

The third caliphate, centered in Baghdad, known for cultural achievements and the House of Wisdom.

The Mamluks ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517, known for military strength and culture.

Qutb al-Din Aibak founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.

The end of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.

Marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate by the Mongol Empire.

Led to conflicts and cultural exchange, but ultimately did not significantly alter the political landscape of Dar al-Islam.

The gradual reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian kingdoms, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492.

Arabic for 'the abode of Islam,' referring to lands where Islam is dominant and Sharia law is practiced.

A strict code of conduct covering all aspects of life, from prayer to social behavior, in Islam.

A tax paid by non-Muslims in Muslim-controlled lands for protection and religious freedom.

Arabic for 'the abode of war,' referring to non-Islamic lands.

Warrior caste in Egypt, originally slave soldiers, who ruled from 1250 to 1517.

Turkish-speaking people from Central Asia who established a vast empire in the 11th and 12th centuries.

Muslim sultanate ruling parts of India from the 13th to 16th centuries.

An Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph.

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the final revelation of God's word.

A major intellectual center and library in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate.