All Flashcards
Define Dar al-Islam.
Arabic for 'the abode of Islam,' referring to lands where Islam is dominant and Sharia law is practiced.
What is Sharia Law?
A strict code of conduct covering all aspects of life, from prayer to social behavior, in Islam.
What is the Jizya tax?
A tax paid by non-Muslims in Muslim-controlled lands for protection and religious freedom.
Define Dar al-Harb.
Arabic for 'the abode of war,' referring to non-Islamic lands.
What were the Mamluks?
Warrior caste in Egypt, originally slave soldiers, who ruled from 1250 to 1517.
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
Turkish-speaking people from Central Asia who established a vast empire in the 11th and 12th centuries.
What was the Delhi Sultanate?
Muslim sultanate ruling parts of India from the 13th to 16th centuries.
Define the term Caliphate.
An Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph.
What is the Quran?
The holy book of Islam, believed to be the final revelation of God's word.
What is the House of Wisdom?
A major intellectual center and library in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate.
Who was the Prophet Muhammad?
The founder of Islam, considered the last prophet in the Islamic tradition.
Who was Charles Martel?
Leader of the Frankish forces who won the Battle of Tours in 732 CE.
Who was Qutb al-Din Aibak?
Founder of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.
Who was Harun al-Rashid?
A prominent Abbasid caliph known for his patronage of the arts and sciences.
Who was Saladin?
A Muslim military leader who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.
Who was Ibn Sina (Avicenna)?
A Persian polymath and physician who made significant contributions to medicine and philosophy.
Who was Ibn Rushd (Averroes)?
An Andalusian Muslim polymath who wrote commentaries on Aristotle and contributed to philosophy and law.
Who was Al-Khwarizmi?
A Persian mathematician who is considered one of the fathers of algebra.
Who was Omar Khayyam?
A Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and poetry.
Who was Rumi?
A 13th-century Persian poet, mystic, and Sufi master, known for his spiritual verses.
What was the Battle of Tours (732 CE)?
Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated an Islamic army, halting Islamic expansion into Europe.
What was Al-Andalus (711-1492 CE)?
A center of culture, learning, and trade in the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule.
What was the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)?
The second caliphate, centered in Damascus, known for expansion and development of Arabic.
What was the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)?
The third caliphate, centered in Baghdad, known for cultural achievements and the House of Wisdom.
When did the Mamluks rule Egypt?
The Mamluks ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517, known for military strength and culture.
When did Qutb al-Din Aibak found the Delhi Sultanate?
Qutb al-Din Aibak founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.
What happened in 1492 in Al-Andalus?
The end of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
What was the significance of the Siege of Baghdad in 1258?
Marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate by the Mongol Empire.
What was the impact of the Crusades on Dar al-Islam?
Led to conflicts and cultural exchange, but ultimately did not significantly alter the political landscape of Dar al-Islam.
What was the Reconquista?
The gradual reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian kingdoms, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492.