Diverse indigenous cultures with unique practices, beliefs, and languages.

Organization based on family/kinship ties, with shared history, language, and cultural practices.

Monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.

The declaration of faith, the first pillar of Islam.

Ritual prayer performed 5 times a day, the second pillar of Islam.

Charity, the third pillar of Islam.

Fasting during Ramadan, the fourth pillar of Islam.

Pilgrimage to Mecca, the fifth pillar of Islam.

Trade route connecting the Mediterranean with sub-Saharan Africa, facilitating the exchange of goods like salt, gold, and slaves.

Trade route connecting East Africa with South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, facilitating the exchange of spices, textiles, and gold.