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What was the significance of the Battle of Tours (732)?
Charles Martel stopped the Islamic advance into France, preventing further Islamic expansion into Western Europe.
What was the Concordat of Worms?
An agreement that allowed the Pope to appoint bishops but gave the king veto power, showing the struggle between church and state.
What was the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)?
A conflict between England and France over trade, land, and resources, fostering nationalism and weakening feudalism.
What was the significance of the Magna Carta (1215)?
King John was forced to sign it, giving more rights to the people in trials and taxation, a step towards limited government.
What was the Reconquista (by 1492)?
The Catholic Church expelled Muslims from Spain, consolidating Christian power in the Iberian Peninsula.
What were the Crusades?
A series of religious wars by the Catholic Church to take back the Holy Land from Muslims.
What was the impact of the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg's printing press revolutionized the spread of information, making books more accessible and increasing literacy.
What was the impact of the Crusades on Constantinople?
Crusaders attacked Orthodox Christians in Constantinople, further straining relations between the Eastern and Western Christian churches.
What was the effect of the Crusades on European trade?
The Crusades and Mediterranean trade opened Europe to global commerce and ideas, fostering economic growth and cultural exchange.
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Catholic Church?
Ultimately, the Crusades failed to win back Jerusalem but weakened the Catholic Church and increased the power of monarchs.
What were the causes and effects of the Hundred Years' War?
Causes: Competition for trade, land, and resources. Effects: Fostered a sense of nationalism and helped weaken feudalism.
What were the causes and effects of the Crusades?
Causes: Religious fervor, desire to reclaim the Holy Land. Effects: Weakened the Catholic Church, increased the power of monarchs, and exposed Europe to Islamic science and math.
What were the causes and effects of the invention of the printing press?
Causes: Desire for faster and cheaper book production. Effects: Increased literacy, spread of new ideas, and the Renaissance.
What were the causes and effects of the Reconquista?
Causes: The Catholic Church wanted to expel Muslims from Spain. Effects: Consolidated Christian power in the Iberian Peninsula.
What were the causes and effects of the Magna Carta?
Causes: English nobility wanted to check the king's power. Effects: Granted more rights to the people in trials and taxation, a step towards limited government.
What were the causes and effects of the Black Death?
Causes: Fleas on rats. Effects: Killed a significant portion of Europe's population, led to labor shortages, and social and economic upheaval.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of towns and cities?
Causes: Increased trade and agricultural surplus. Effects: Led to a decline in feudalism, rise of a merchant class, and increased cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of the Agricultural Revolution in the Middle Ages?
Causes: New technologies such as the heavy plow and three-field system. Effects: Increased food production, population growth, and specialization of labor.
What were the causes and effects of the Investiture Controversy?
Causes: Conflict between the Pope and European monarchs over the appointment of bishops. Effects: Weakened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and strengthened the authority of the Pope.
What were the causes and effects of the Great Schism?
Causes: Disputes over papal authority and doctrine. Effects: Divided the Catholic Church and weakened its authority.
Who was King Philip II?
A French king who created a larger bureaucracy and worked with the Estates-General to centralize government.
Who was King John?
The English king forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his power and granting rights to the people.
Who was Charles Martel?
He stopped the Islamic advance into France at the Battle of Tours in 732.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
The inventor of the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of information in Europe.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A major figure of the Renaissance, known for his contributions to art, science, and invention.
Who was Michelangelo?
A key artist of the Renaissance, famous for his sculptures and paintings.
Who was William Shakespeare?
A renowned playwright and poet of the Renaissance era.