All Flashcards
Who was King Philip II?
A French king who created a larger bureaucracy and worked with the Estates-General to centralize government.
Who was King John?
The English king forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his power and granting rights to the people.
Who was Charles Martel?
He stopped the Islamic advance into France at the Battle of Tours in 732.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
The inventor of the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of information in Europe.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A major figure of the Renaissance, known for his contributions to art, science, and invention.
Who was Michelangelo?
A key artist of the Renaissance, famous for his sculptures and paintings.
Who was William Shakespeare?
A renowned playwright and poet of the Renaissance era.
What was the significance of the Battle of Tours (732)?
Charles Martel stopped the Islamic advance into France, preventing further Islamic expansion into Western Europe.
What was the Concordat of Worms?
An agreement that allowed the Pope to appoint bishops but gave the king veto power, showing the struggle between church and state.
What was the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)?
A conflict between England and France over trade, land, and resources, fostering nationalism and weakening feudalism.
What was the significance of the Magna Carta (1215)?
King John was forced to sign it, giving more rights to the people in trials and taxation, a step towards limited government.
What was the Reconquista (by 1492)?
The Catholic Church expelled Muslims from Spain, consolidating Christian power in the Iberian Peninsula.
What were the Crusades?
A series of religious wars by the Catholic Church to take back the Holy Land from Muslims.
What was the impact of the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg's printing press revolutionized the spread of information, making books more accessible and increasing literacy.
What was the impact of the Crusades on Constantinople?
Crusaders attacked Orthodox Christians in Constantinople, further straining relations between the Eastern and Western Christian churches.
What was the effect of the Crusades on European trade?
The Crusades and Mediterranean trade opened Europe to global commerce and ideas, fostering economic growth and cultural exchange.
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Catholic Church?
Ultimately, the Crusades failed to win back Jerusalem but weakened the Catholic Church and increased the power of monarchs.
What is Feudalism?
A social, economic, and political system based on land ownership in exchange for service or labor.
What is a Fief?
A large land grant given by a monarch to lords in exchange for loyalty and service.
Who are Serfs?
Workers tied to the land and the lord; they worked the land but didn't own it.
What is the Three-Field System?
A method of crop rotation to prevent soil overuse, rotating between wheat, beans, and fallow land.
What is the Estates-General?
A legislative body in France that King Philip II worked with to centralize government.
What is the Magna Carta?
A document signed by King John in 1215, granting more rights to the people in trials and taxation.
What is Nationalism?
A feeling of strong identification and loyalty to a nation, often fostered by conflicts.
What is the Reconquista?
The Catholic Church's expulsion of Muslims from Spain by 1492.
What is the Renaissance?
A period of increased literacy, urbanization, and global connection, marked by a revival of classical learning and emphasis on humanism.
What is Humanism?
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.