All Flashcards
Who was King Philip II?
A French king who created a larger bureaucracy and worked with the Estates-General to centralize government.
Who was King John?
The English king forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his power and granting rights to the people.
Who was Charles Martel?
He stopped the Islamic advance into France at the Battle of Tours in 732.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
The inventor of the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of information in Europe.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A major figure of the Renaissance, known for his contributions to art, science, and invention.
Who was Michelangelo?
A key artist of the Renaissance, famous for his sculptures and paintings.
Who was William Shakespeare?
A renowned playwright and poet of the Renaissance era.
What is Feudalism?
A social, economic, and political system based on land ownership in exchange for service or labor.
What is a Fief?
A large land grant given by a monarch to lords in exchange for loyalty and service.
Who are Serfs?
Workers tied to the land and the lord; they worked the land but didn't own it.
What is the Three-Field System?
A method of crop rotation to prevent soil overuse, rotating between wheat, beans, and fallow land.
What is the Estates-General?
A legislative body in France that King Philip II worked with to centralize government.
What is the Magna Carta?
A document signed by King John in 1215, granting more rights to the people in trials and taxation.
What is Nationalism?
A feeling of strong identification and loyalty to a nation, often fostered by conflicts.
What is the Reconquista?
The Catholic Church's expulsion of Muslims from Spain by 1492.
What is the Renaissance?
A period of increased literacy, urbanization, and global connection, marked by a revival of classical learning and emphasis on humanism.
What is Humanism?
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
Compare political developments in England and France between 1200 and 1450.
England: Magna Carta limited monarchy, Parliament formed. France: King Philip II centralized power with Estates-General. Both contributed to the decline of feudalism.
Compare the Reconquista and the Crusades.
Reconquista: Expulsion of Muslims from Spain. Crusades: Religious wars to reclaim the Holy Land. Both involved religious conflict and expansion.
Compare the roles of Lords and Vassals in the feudal system.
Lords granted land to vassals. Vassals provided service, labor, and military support to lords. A hierarchical relationship based on land ownership and loyalty.
Compare the political structures of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
France: Centralized kingdom with a growing bureaucracy. Holy Roman Empire: A loose federation of territories with limited central authority.
Compare the social structures of feudalism and manorialism.
Feudalism: Political and social hierarchy based on land ownership. Manorialism: Economic system centered on self-sufficient estates. Manorialism supported the feudal system.
Compare the impacts of the Crusades on Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
Western Europe: Increased trade, weakened Church, rise of monarchies. Byzantine Empire: Further weakened, leading to its eventual fall.
Compare the art of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Middle Ages: Primarily religious, symbolic, and often two-dimensional. Renaissance: Revival of classical styles, emphasis on realism, humanism, and perspective.
Compare the roles of the Church in the Early and Late Middle Ages.
Early Middle Ages: Preserver of knowledge and stability during the decline of the Roman Empire. Late Middle Ages: Faced challenges to its authority due to corruption and the rise of secular power.
Compare the causes of the decline of feudalism in England and France.
England: Magna Carta limited the king's power. France: Hundred Years' War fostered nationalism and strengthened the monarchy. Both led to centralization and weakening of feudal lords.
Compare the economic systems of Western Europe and Eastern Europe during the Late Middle Ages.
Western Europe: Growing trade and urbanization, decline of manorialism. Eastern Europe: Continued dominance of serfdom and agricultural economy.