All Flashcards
Who was King Philip II?
A French king who created a larger bureaucracy and worked with the Estates-General to centralize government.
Who was King John?
The English king forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his power and granting rights to the people.
Who was Charles Martel?
He stopped the Islamic advance into France at the Battle of Tours in 732.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
The inventor of the printing press, which revolutionized the spread of information in Europe.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A major figure of the Renaissance, known for his contributions to art, science, and invention.
Who was Michelangelo?
A key artist of the Renaissance, famous for his sculptures and paintings.
Who was William Shakespeare?
A renowned playwright and poet of the Renaissance era.
What were the causes and effects of the Hundred Years' War?
Causes: Competition for trade, land, and resources. Effects: Fostered a sense of nationalism and helped weaken feudalism.
What were the causes and effects of the Crusades?
Causes: Religious fervor, desire to reclaim the Holy Land. Effects: Weakened the Catholic Church, increased the power of monarchs, and exposed Europe to Islamic science and math.
What were the causes and effects of the invention of the printing press?
Causes: Desire for faster and cheaper book production. Effects: Increased literacy, spread of new ideas, and the Renaissance.
What were the causes and effects of the Reconquista?
Causes: The Catholic Church wanted to expel Muslims from Spain. Effects: Consolidated Christian power in the Iberian Peninsula.
What were the causes and effects of the Magna Carta?
Causes: English nobility wanted to check the king's power. Effects: Granted more rights to the people in trials and taxation, a step towards limited government.
What were the causes and effects of the Black Death?
Causes: Fleas on rats. Effects: Killed a significant portion of Europe's population, led to labor shortages, and social and economic upheaval.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of towns and cities?
Causes: Increased trade and agricultural surplus. Effects: Led to a decline in feudalism, rise of a merchant class, and increased cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of the Agricultural Revolution in the Middle Ages?
Causes: New technologies such as the heavy plow and three-field system. Effects: Increased food production, population growth, and specialization of labor.
What were the causes and effects of the Investiture Controversy?
Causes: Conflict between the Pope and European monarchs over the appointment of bishops. Effects: Weakened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and strengthened the authority of the Pope.
What were the causes and effects of the Great Schism?
Causes: Disputes over papal authority and doctrine. Effects: Divided the Catholic Church and weakened its authority.
What is Feudalism?
A social, economic, and political system based on land ownership in exchange for service or labor.
What is a Fief?
A large land grant given by a monarch to lords in exchange for loyalty and service.
Who are Serfs?
Workers tied to the land and the lord; they worked the land but didn't own it.
What is the Three-Field System?
A method of crop rotation to prevent soil overuse, rotating between wheat, beans, and fallow land.
What is the Estates-General?
A legislative body in France that King Philip II worked with to centralize government.
What is the Magna Carta?
A document signed by King John in 1215, granting more rights to the people in trials and taxation.
What is Nationalism?
A feeling of strong identification and loyalty to a nation, often fostered by conflicts.
What is the Reconquista?
The Catholic Church's expulsion of Muslims from Spain by 1492.
What is the Renaissance?
A period of increased literacy, urbanization, and global connection, marked by a revival of classical learning and emphasis on humanism.
What is Humanism?
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.