Founder of the Ottoman Empire.

Founder of the Safavid Empire, establishing Shia Islam as the official religion.

Founder of the Songhai Empire.

Founder of the Mughal Empire, with lineage to Timur and Genghis Khan.

Expanded the Russian Empire and oversaw major cultural achievements.

Founder of the French Empire, impacting European politics.

Initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.

Mughal emperor whose death weakened the empire.

Unified Japan under a military dictatorship, leading to the Edo Period.

A historical figure with lineage to Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire.

Both were Chinese dynasties, but the Qing was founded by the Manchu and experienced territorial expansion and later unrest, while the Ming was known for trade expansion and cultural achievements.

Both were Muslim empires with significant cultural achievements, but the Mughal Empire ruled India while the Ottoman Empire spanned Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Both were pre-Columbian American empires conquered by the Spanish, but the Inca were in South America and known for administration, while the Aztec were in Mesoamerica and known for cultural achievements.

Both were European empires with large territories, but the French Empire was founded by Napoleon while the Russian Empire was expanded by Catherine the Great.

The Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan, while the Qing Dynasty expanded territorially. Both sought stability but used different methods.

Land-based empires focused on territorial expansion and administration, while maritime empires focused on overseas territories and trade.

Both were Muslim empires in the Middle East, but the Safavid Empire was Shia while the Ottoman Empire was Sunni.

Both used military conquest to expand, but the Mughals consolidated power in India, while the Ottomans expanded across multiple continents.

The Inca used a sophisticated system of government and administration, while the Aztec had a complex system of government.

Both were known for cultural achievements and centers of learning, but the Songhai Empire was in West Africa while the Mughal Empire was in India.

Empires primarily focused on land expansion and administration between 1450-1750, ruled by absolute monarchs.

Japan's policy of strict isolation from the rest of the world under the Tokugawa Shogunate.

A significant cultural achievement of the Ming Dynasty in China.

A system of record-keeping used by the Inca Empire.

A trade expansion initiative during the Ming Dynasty.

A system of government where the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, principally not being restricted by written laws, legislature, or customs.

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Significant accomplishments in arts, literature, architecture, and other cultural aspects of a society.

A form of military dictatorship in Japan, exemplified by the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Written by Martin Luther in 1517, they sparked the Protestant Reformation and challenged the Catholic Church's authority.