Empires controlling territory and land through conquest and expansion.

Empires that utilized gunpowder technology for military expansion and dominance.

A tax imposed on non-Muslim subjects in Muslim-ruled states.

The isolationist policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, restricting foreign trade and influence.

A system where power is concentrated in a central authority or ruler.

The art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states.

The act of establishing settlements and control over indigenous peoples in a distant territory.

A social system based on personal ownership of resources and a hierarchy of rights and obligations.

The sharing and interaction of different cultures, often within an empire.

A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

Regional lords in the feudal system of Tokugawa Japan.

Both initially showed religious tolerance, but varied over time. Ottomans had the millet system, while Mughals under Akbar abolished the jizya but later rulers reinstated it.

Both relied on gunpowder technology and military conquest. The Ottomans focused on expansion into Europe and North Africa, while the Safavids concentrated on Persia.

Both pursued isolationist policies to limit foreign influence. Tokugawa Shogunate implemented the Sakoku policy, while Qing China restricted trade to specific ports.

Both faced internal strife, succession issues, and economic challenges. The Ottoman Empire also faced external pressures from European powers, while the Mughal Empire faced rebellions and fragmentation.

Both heavily utilized gunpowder for military expansion. However, the Ottomans were more successful in integrating it into their military structure and strategy.

The Ottomans controlled key trade routes between Europe and Asia, while the Mughals benefited from trade within the Indian Ocean region. Both empires sought to regulate and profit from trade.

The Mughals are known for their architecture, like the Taj Mahal, and their unique style of art. The Safavids are famous for their art, architecture, and contributions to Shia Islam.

The Ottomans had a centralized bureaucracy with a complex system of governance. The Tokugawa Shogunate had a feudal system with regional lords (daimyo) under the Shogun's control.

The Ottomans had a strong, well-organized army with advanced gunpowder weapons. The Mughals had a large army with a diverse range of soldiers and weapons, including elephants.

The Ottomans had a diverse social structure with different religious and ethnic groups. The Mughals had a caste system and a mix of Hindu and Muslim cultures.