Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)
What was one outcome from Peter the Great's westernization efforts in Russia that reflects larger Enlightenment-era shifts?
The establishment of serfdom indicated growing egalitarianism inspired by humanistic philosophies across Europe.
Isolationist foreign policy mirrored Western Europe's move towards global disengagement for internal development.
Introduction of modern scientific techniques reflected Europe's wider embrace of empirical research and reason-based thought.
The expansion into Siberia echoed Enlightenment calls for environmental conservation and respect for indigenous cultures.
In what way did Nader Shah’s conquests highlight a common consequence faced by land-based empires following rapid expansion?
The immediate collapse under external pressures from rival European powers.
The swift adoption of democratic principles due to influence from conquered regions.
The development of cultural renaissance stemming from integration of foreign artisans.
The strain on resources leading to unsustainable administration costs.
Why did Mughal rulers implement zamindari system throughout Indian subcontinent during early modern period?
Allow greater autonomy regional lords encourage decentralization administrative responsibilities
Promote religious unity region through centralized Islamic legal code administered zamindars
Generate reliable revenue stream State appointing zamindars collect taxes peasantry behalf
Encourage agricultural innovation investment infrastructure zamindar-led initiatives rural development
The Manchu Empire expanded into China and became the ____________ Dynasty there.
Tang
Song
Yuan
Qing
Considering the complex interplay of factors that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which alternative strategy could have most effectively stemmed this decline in the late 17th century?
Reforming the Janissary corps to embrace military modernization and limit corruption.
Expanding naval power aggressively into the Indian Ocean to counter European influence.
Focusing on conquests in Central Europe to secure more territorial gains.
Strengthening alliances with European powers by adopting their political structures.
Qing China expanded from East Asia into
South Asia
Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Oceania
In what way did Cardinal Richelieu's policies during the Thirty Years' War reflect broader European political trends?
His policies underscored statecraft over religious unity, aligning with emerging nation-state interests.
His actions highlighted a persistent commitment to feudalistic principles above national governance.
He reinforced absolute monarchy through unequivocal support for Protestant states only.
His diplomatic work underlined a pan-European movement towards pacifism and disarmament.

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How might imperialism during the late nineteenth century differ if China had industrialized at the same time as Western Europe?
Western powers may not have been able to impose unequal treaties on China leading to potentially less foreign influence there.
China might have colonized Africa before European powers.
The Industrial Revolution could've been suppressed in Europe due to Chinese competition.
Japan would likely become a British colony instead of modernizing and industrialising itself.
Conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids
Were mostly neutral because of a pact of non-aggression
Were nonexistent as they were united as an Islamic alliance
Only existed whenever they met on the battlefield
Intensified because of Sunni-Shi'a disputes between the two groups
What would likely have been the global consequence had the Spanish Armada defeated England in 1588?
It may have led to a swift end to all European colonization efforts.
Spain might have become a part of the British Empire.
There could have been an immediate collapse of Spanish influence in Europe.
The Spanish Empire could have maintained stronger control over its colonies and potentially delayed the rise of English colonial power.