All Flashcards
Who was Queen Nzinga?
A powerful African ruler who resisted Portuguese colonization.
Who was Peter the Great?
A Russian Tsar who modernized Russia through westernization.
Who was Cortes?
The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.
Who was Columbus?
An explorer who sailed across the Atlantic and reached the Americas.
Who were Peninsulares?
Spaniards born in Spain, at the top of the Sociedad de Castas.
Who were Creoles?
Spaniards born in the Americas, below Peninsulares in the Sociedad de Castas.
Who were Mestizos/Mulattoes?
Mixed-race individuals in the Sociedad de Castas.
What is the definition of 'Colonize'?
To establish control over a territory and its people.
What is the definition of 'Columbian Exchange'?
The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
What is the definition of 'Mercantilism'?
An economic policy focused on increasing exports and decreasing imports to accumulate wealth.
What is the definition of 'Capitalism'?
An economic system where private individuals control the means of production.
What is the definition of 'Chattel Slavery'?
A system where people are treated as property and can be bought and sold.
What is the definition of 'Indentured Servitude'?
A system where people work for a set period in exchange for passage or debt payment.
What is the definition of 'Genocide'?
The deliberate destruction of a racial, ethnic, or national group.
What is the definition of 'Smallpox'?
A deadly disease that devastated Native populations.
What is the 'Dutch East India Company'?
A powerful joint-stock company that dominated trade in Asia.
What is the definition of 'Sociedad de Castas'?
A race-based class system that emerged in the Americas.
What were the causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange?
Causes: European desire for new trade routes. Effects: Exchange of goods, diseases, and food; population growth in Europe; devastation of Native populations.
What were the causes and effects of Mercantilism?
Causes: Desire for national wealth and power. Effects: Colonization, trade restrictions, and competition between empires.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Maritime Empires?
Causes: European exploration, new technologies, and desire for trade. Effects: Colonization, global trade networks, and cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of the transatlantic slave trade?
Causes: Need for labor in the Americas, European demand for goods. Effects: Devastation of African societies, growth of plantation economies, and race-based social hierarchies.
What were the causes and effects of smallpox in the Americas?
Causes: Introduction by Europeans. Effects: Decimation of Native populations, weakening of resistance to colonization.
What were the causes and effects of new crops from the Americas?
Causes: Columbian Exchange. Effects: Population growth in Europe and Asia.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of joint-stock companies?
Causes: Need for capital to fund exploration and trade. Effects: Facilitated global trade and colonization.
Causes and effects of European exploration?
Causes: Desire for new trade routes, wealth, and spread of Christianity. Effects: Columbian Exchange, rise of maritime empires, and colonization.
What were the causes and effects of resistance to European domination?
Causes: European oppression and exploitation. Effects: Rebellions, conflicts, and attempts to maintain autonomy.
Causes and effects of race-based social classes?
Causes: Colonialism and the need to control labor. Effects: Social inequality, discrimination, and conflict.