All Flashcards
What were the causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange?
Causes: European desire for new trade routes. Effects: Exchange of goods, diseases, and food; population growth in Europe; devastation of Native populations.
What were the causes and effects of Mercantilism?
Causes: Desire for national wealth and power. Effects: Colonization, trade restrictions, and competition between empires.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Maritime Empires?
Causes: European exploration, new technologies, and desire for trade. Effects: Colonization, global trade networks, and cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of the transatlantic slave trade?
Causes: Need for labor in the Americas, European demand for goods. Effects: Devastation of African societies, growth of plantation economies, and race-based social hierarchies.
What were the causes and effects of smallpox in the Americas?
Causes: Introduction by Europeans. Effects: Decimation of Native populations, weakening of resistance to colonization.
What were the causes and effects of new crops from the Americas?
Causes: Columbian Exchange. Effects: Population growth in Europe and Asia.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of joint-stock companies?
Causes: Need for capital to fund exploration and trade. Effects: Facilitated global trade and colonization.
Causes and effects of European exploration?
Causes: Desire for new trade routes, wealth, and spread of Christianity. Effects: Columbian Exchange, rise of maritime empires, and colonization.
What were the causes and effects of resistance to European domination?
Causes: European oppression and exploitation. Effects: Rebellions, conflicts, and attempts to maintain autonomy.
Causes and effects of race-based social classes?
Causes: Colonialism and the need to control labor. Effects: Social inequality, discrimination, and conflict.
Compare Mercantilism and Capitalism.
Mercantilism: State control, accumulate wealth. Capitalism: Private ownership, competition.
Compare Chattel Slavery and Indentured Servitude.
Chattel Slavery: People as property. Indentured Servitude: Work for a set period.
Compare Maritime Empires and Land-Based Empires.
Maritime Empires: Focused on controlling trade routes and colonies by sea. Land-Based Empires: Focused on controlling territory and resources by land.
Compare the impacts of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe.
Americas: Devastation of Native populations due to disease. Europe: Population growth due to new crops.
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires.
Spanish: Focused on extracting resources and converting natives. Portuguese: Focused on trade and establishing coastal trading posts.
Compare the effects of smallpox in the Americas and Europe.
Americas: Devastating decline in Native populations. Europe: Some outbreaks, but generally less impactful due to existing immunities.
Compare the goals of mercantilism and free trade.
Mercantilism: Maximize exports and accumulate wealth for the state. Free trade: Open markets and minimal government intervention.
Compare the social structures in Spanish and British colonies in the Americas.
Spanish: Race-based hierarchy (Sociedad de Castas). British: Less rigid social hierarchy, but still with racial and class distinctions.
Compare the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company.
Both were joint-stock companies that dominated trade in Asia. The Dutch focused on Indonesia, while the British focused on India.
Compare the effects of coerced labor in the Americas and Africa.
Americas: Supported plantation economies and resource extraction. Africa: Devastated populations and disrupted social structures.
Who was Queen Nzinga?
A powerful African ruler who resisted Portuguese colonization.
Who was Peter the Great?
A Russian Tsar who modernized Russia through westernization.
Who was Cortes?
The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.
Who was Columbus?
An explorer who sailed across the Atlantic and reached the Americas.
Who were Peninsulares?
Spaniards born in Spain, at the top of the Sociedad de Castas.
Who were Creoles?
Spaniards born in the Americas, below Peninsulares in the Sociedad de Castas.
Who were Mestizos/Mulattoes?
Mixed-race individuals in the Sociedad de Castas.