All Flashcards
What is the definition of Janissaries?
Military elite in the Ottoman Empire, often gained significant power.
What is the definition of Jizya?
A tax imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic empires.
What is the definition of Sikhism?
A syncretic religion blending Hinduism and Islam, supported by Akbar the Great.
What is the definition of Queue?
A long braid hairstyle mandated for men in Qing Dynasty China as a sign of submission.
What is the definition of Anti-Semitism?
Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
What is the definition of Sephardic Jews?
Jews descended from Spanish Jews who migrated to North Africa and the Middle East after expulsion from Spain.
What is the definition of Ashkenazi Jews?
Jews descended from Eastern and Central Europe.
What is the definition of Diaspora?
The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.
What is the definition of Boyars?
Russian nobility who held significant political and economic power.
What is the definition of Peninsulares?
Europeans born in Spain or Portugal, holding the highest social status in the Americas.
What is the definition of Creoles?
People of pure European descent born in the Americas.
What is the definition of Mestizos?
People of mixed European and Indigenous descent.
What is the definition of Mulattoes?
People of mixed European and African descent.
What is the definition of Zambos?
People of mixed African and Indigenous descent.
Compare social hierarchies in British North America and Spanish/Portuguese colonies.
British North America: Europeans, Natives, and African slaves remained mostly separate. Spanish/Portuguese colonies: Encouraged mixing to 'whiten' society, resulting in castas.
Compare the Ottoman and Mughal Empires regarding religious tolerance.
Ottoman Empire: Surprising religious tolerance for Jews and Christians (though they paid the jizya tax). Mughal Empire (under Akbar): Even more tolerance, abolished the jizya tax and supported Sikhism.
Compare the social structures of Europe and Russia during this period.
Both had similar social classes (nobility, merchants, peasants), but Russia continued serfdom while Western Europe saw its decline.
What were the causes and effects of the transatlantic slave trade?
Causes: Demand for labor in the Americas, European colonialism. Effects: Decimation of African populations, creation of racial hierarchies, economic growth for European powers.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, questioning of traditional authority. Effects: Increased tolerance, reform movements, but persistent prejudice.
What were the causes and effects of Manchu rule in China?
Causes: Weakening of the Ming Dynasty, military strength of the Manchus. Effects: Imposition of Manchu culture, resistance from Han Chinese, expansion of the empire.
What were the causes and effects of European colonization of the Americas?
Causes: Desire for wealth, resources, and power. Effects: Creation of racial hierarchies, decimation of indigenous populations, economic exploitation, and cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of the Jewish Diaspora?
Causes: Increased anti-Semitism, expulsions from Spain and other regions. Effects: Migration to North Africa, the Middle East, and other parts of the world, cultural exchange, and the establishment of new communities.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Gunpowder Empires?
Causes: Mastery of gunpowder technology, strong centralized leadership. Effects: Expansion of territory, consolidation of power, cultural and economic development, and religious tolerance or intolerance.