All Flashcards
What was the significance of the Qing Dynasty's rise to power?
The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) was established by the Manchus, a minority group, who conquered the Ming Dynasty and imposed their culture, demonstrating how minority rule can be established and maintained through cultural control and, at times, Han Chinese support for the new order.
What was the impact of the expulsion of Jews from Spain?
Led to a Jewish diaspora, with Sephardic Jews migrating to North Africa and the Middle East, and contributing to the growth and development of those regions.
What was the significance of Louis XIV's reign?
Louis XIV centralized power in France, weakening the nobility and commoners, and solidifying the monarchy's control.
What was the impact of the growth of the merchant class in Europe?
Challenged the rigid class structure inherited from the Middle Ages, creating some social mobility and contributing to the decline of feudalism.
What was the effect of the creation of racial hierarchies in the Americas?
Europeans were at the top, followed by mixed-race groups, and then Africans. These racial categories were used to justify exploitation and maintain dominance.
What was the impact of Akbar's policies on religious tolerance?
Akbar abolished the jizya tax and supported Sikhism, promoting religious harmony and stability in the Mughal Empire.
What was the effect of increased anti-Semitism in Western Europe?
Led to the expulsion of Jews from Spain and other regions, causing a diaspora and migration to more tolerant areas like the Netherlands.
What was the impact of the Enlightenment on Jewish communities?
The Enlightenment led to some tolerance for Jews, but anti-Semitism persisted, highlighting the limitations of Enlightenment ideals in practice.
What was the effect of European colonization on social structures in the Americas?
Dramatic social changes occurred due to European influx, Indigenous decimation, and the slave trade, leading to the creation of social classes based on race.
What was the effect of the Columbian Exchange on social hierarchy in the Americas?
The Columbian Exchange led to the introduction of new crops and diseases, altering social structures and contributing to the exploitation of indigenous populations and the rise of the plantation system.
What were the causes and effects of the transatlantic slave trade?
Causes: Demand for labor in the Americas, European colonialism. Effects: Decimation of African populations, creation of racial hierarchies, economic growth for European powers.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, questioning of traditional authority. Effects: Increased tolerance, reform movements, but persistent prejudice.
What were the causes and effects of Manchu rule in China?
Causes: Weakening of the Ming Dynasty, military strength of the Manchus. Effects: Imposition of Manchu culture, resistance from Han Chinese, expansion of the empire.
What were the causes and effects of European colonization of the Americas?
Causes: Desire for wealth, resources, and power. Effects: Creation of racial hierarchies, decimation of indigenous populations, economic exploitation, and cultural exchange.
What were the causes and effects of the Jewish Diaspora?
Causes: Increased anti-Semitism, expulsions from Spain and other regions. Effects: Migration to North Africa, the Middle East, and other parts of the world, cultural exchange, and the establishment of new communities.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Gunpowder Empires?
Causes: Mastery of gunpowder technology, strong centralized leadership. Effects: Expansion of territory, consolidation of power, cultural and economic development, and religious tolerance or intolerance.
Compare social hierarchies in British North America and Spanish/Portuguese colonies.
British North America: Europeans, Natives, and African slaves remained mostly separate. Spanish/Portuguese colonies: Encouraged mixing to 'whiten' society, resulting in castas.
Compare the Ottoman and Mughal Empires regarding religious tolerance.
Ottoman Empire: Surprising religious tolerance for Jews and Christians (though they paid the jizya tax). Mughal Empire (under Akbar): Even more tolerance, abolished the jizya tax and supported Sikhism.
Compare the social structures of Europe and Russia during this period.
Both had similar social classes (nobility, merchants, peasants), but Russia continued serfdom while Western Europe saw its decline.