Mughal emperor known for his religious tolerance, including abolishing the jizya tax and supporting Sikhism.

Absolute monarch of France who centralized government and famously said, 'I am the state'.

Spanish monarchs who expelled Jews from Spain, contributing to the Jewish diaspora.

A slave who rose to become the wife of an Ottoman Sultan, demonstrating some social mobility for women.

British North America: Europeans, Natives, and African slaves remained mostly separate. Spanish/Portuguese colonies: Encouraged mixing to 'whiten' society, resulting in castas.

Ottoman Empire: Surprising religious tolerance for Jews and Christians (though they paid the jizya tax). Mughal Empire (under Akbar): Even more tolerance, abolished the jizya tax and supported Sikhism.

Both had similar social classes (nobility, merchants, peasants), but Russia continued serfdom while Western Europe saw its decline.

Military elite in the Ottoman Empire, often gained significant power.

A tax imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic empires.

A syncretic religion blending Hinduism and Islam, supported by Akbar the Great.

A long braid hairstyle mandated for men in Qing Dynasty China as a sign of submission.

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Jews descended from Spanish Jews who migrated to North Africa and the Middle East after expulsion from Spain.

Jews descended from Eastern and Central Europe.

The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.

Russian nobility who held significant political and economic power.

Europeans born in Spain or Portugal, holding the highest social status in the Americas.

People of pure European descent born in the Americas.

People of mixed European and Indigenous descent.

People of mixed European and African descent.

People of mixed African and Indigenous descent.