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Who was John Locke?
A key Enlightenment thinker who developed ideas about natural rights.
Who was Voltaire?
A key Enlightenment thinker who advocated for religious tolerance.
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
A key Enlightenment thinker who developed ideas about the relationship between rulers and subjects.
Who was Toussaint Louverture?
The leader of the Haitian Revolution, the only successful slave revolt in history.
Who was Simon Bolivar?
A leader of the Latin American Revolutions, leading to newly independent states.
Who was James Watt?
Inventor of the steam engine in 1765.
Who was Otto Von Bismarck?
Key figure in the unification of Germany.
Who were Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi?
Key figures in the unification of Italy.
Compare the American and French Revolutions.
American Revolution: Focused on independence from colonial rule. French Revolution: Focused on overthrowing the existing social and political order.
Compare private vs. state investment during industrialization.
Britain and the US industrialized through private investment, while Russia and Japan industrialized through state investment.
What is the Enlightenment?
17th-18th century movement emphasizing reason, rationality, and individualism, challenging traditional authority.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.
What are mercantile maritime empires?
Empires focused on sea trade and mercantilist economic policies, aiming to maximize exports and accumulate wealth.
What is the triangular trade?
A trade system involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas, where Europe traded manufactured goods for enslaved people in Africa, who were sent to the Americas for raw materials.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. Shift from agriculture to manufacturing; goods no longer made by hand but by machines.
What is the First Industrial Revolution?
Transition from cottage industries to steam-powered factories, primarily in Great Britain and Europe.
What is the Second Industrial Revolution?
Built upon the first, with developments in oil, steel, electricity, and chemicals.
What is Nationalism?
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
What is Imperialism?
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
What is Capitalism?
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.