A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Overcrowded and unsanitary apartment buildings, often housing the working class in urban areas.

The capitalist class; owners of factories and businesses during the Industrial Revolution.

An ideology that emphasized women's roles as wives and mothers, confined to the domestic sphere.

The process of population shift from rural to urban areas, driven by industrialization.

The difficulty or inability to move between social classes, particularly from the working class to the middle or upper classes.

A culture where people spend money on leisure and non-essential goods.

Factory workers and manual laborers who experienced long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions.

Managers, business owners, and professionals who had more education and influence than the working class.

The overconsumption of natural resources like coal and oil during the Industrial Revolution.

Causes: Poverty, demand for cheap labor in factories. Effects: Harmful working conditions, lack of education, fragmented families.

Causes: Industrialization, factory jobs. Effects: Overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease, wealth disparities.

Causes: Technological advancements, factory system. Effects: Wider availability of goods, consumer culture, service industry growth.

Causes: Social norms, desire to maintain traditional gender roles. Effects: Limited opportunities for women, unequal treatment.

Causes: Factories, burning coal. Effects: Air, water, and land pollution; harm to human health and the environment.

Causes: Industrialization, capitalism. Effects: Wealth concentration, influence on culture and values, social immobility for the working class.

Causes: Demand for production, lack of labor laws. Effects: Exhaustion, health problems, fragmented family life for the working class.

Causes: Class disparities, lack of public education. Effects: Social immobility, perpetuation of poverty, limited opportunities for the working class.

Causes: Mass production, increased consumer spending. Effects: More jobs in entertainment, transportation, and other services.

Causes: Overconsumption of natural resources like coal and oil. Effects: Climate change, environmental degradation, long-term environmental consequences.

Working-class women faced harsh factory conditions and low pay, while middle-class women were expected to adhere to the 'cult of domesticity'.

The working class lived in overcrowded tenements with poor sanitation, while the bourgeoisie enjoyed better living conditions and more leisure opportunities.

Social mobility was limited for the working class due to the rigid class system, while the middle class had more opportunities for advancement.

Rural areas saw a decline in population as people moved to urban centers for factory jobs, leading to rapid urban growth and overcrowding.

Early stages saw unchecked pollution and resource depletion, while later stages led to growing environmental awareness and regulations.

Before, families often worked together in agriculture; after, families were fragmented as members worked in factories.

The bourgeoisie owned the means of production and accumulated wealth, while the working class had limited economic power and faced low wages.

The middle class had greater access to education, which allowed them to gain professional skills, while the working class had limited educational opportunities.

Both men and women worked in factories, but women often received lower pay and faced additional challenges due to societal expectations.

Before industrialization, urban areas were less crowded and polluted. After, overcrowding and pollution led to the spread of diseases.