Revolutions (1750-1900)

These innovations rendered long-distance trade obsolete, causing a decline in global mercantilism.

They facilitated faster international trade, leading to interconnected markets and increased globalization.

Steamships and railroads caused a worldwide increase in subsistence farming due to imported goods becoming less competitive.

Such technological developments led to a sudden stop in colonialism as the need for overseas trade diminished.

A social norm that encouraged women to work in factories

A factory system that employed women to work long hours

A belief that women should be responsible for household duties and child-rearing

A political movement that advocated for women's rights

Very rare

Likely to supervise other workers

Most often doing clerical work

Paid less than men

Working class, middle class, and super-wealthy

Bourgeoisie, proletariat, and farmers

Lower class, middle class, and bourgeoisie

Farmers, factory workers, and capitalists

The discovery of oil.

The invention of the telegraph.

The abolition of slavery.

The expansion of railroads.

The textile industry would not have developed as it did.

Other countries besides Britain would have led the revolution.

It may have progressed slower, limiting early economic growth.

The Industrial Revolution would not have occurred at all.

The production of goods was more expensive than ever before

A major increase in CO2 emissions

The feminist movement began

A larger gap between the rich and the poor

Regardless of class backgrounds, most people from that era regarded socialism as a utopian concept without practical application or benefit to society.

Different classes either saw socialism as a threat to established hierarchies or hope for egalitarianism depending on their vested interests and socio-economic status.

Upper classes widely endorsed socialist principles publicly but privately dismissed them due to fears of lost privileges, whereas lower classes were skeptical about its efficacy.

Socialism was often hyperbolized as a scare tactic by leading governments while intellectuals commonly viewed it apathetically, considering it a mere idealistic dream.

Enlightenment thinkers challenged traditional authority through rational thought and objective evidence.

Utilitarians promoted absolute freedom of action regardless of the consequences to society at large.

Romanticists advocated for a return to medieval societal structures, rejecting modernity and industrialization.

Rationalists emphasized emotional expression, personal experience, and spiritual aspects of life.

Industrial workers who formed unions and went on strike.

Middle-class women advocating for suffrage and social reform.

Agricultural peasants who migrated to urban centers for work.

Colonial subjects protesting British economic policies overseas.