Causes: Industrialization, factory system. Effects: Rise of labor unions, strikes, demand for reforms.

Causes: Anti-foreign sentiment, Qing Dynasty weakness. Effects: Further weakening of Qing Dynasty, increased foreign influence.

Causes: Poor working conditions, income inequality, lack of bargaining power. Effects: Shorter work hours, improved conditions, increased wages, workers' rights.

Causes: Desire to modernize China, military defeats. Effects: Limited modernization, failure to prevent further foreign influence.

Causes: Desire to modernize the Ottoman Empire, decrease corruption. Effects: Some modernization, but ultimately failed to keep pace with industrialized nations.

Causes: Exploitation of workers, income inequality. Effects: Inspired communist movements, class struggles, revolutions.

Causes: Desire to improve society, address inequality. Effects: Influenced social reforms, government policies.

Causes: Labor union advocacy, demand for political rights. Effects: More men could vote, increased political participation.

Causes: Labor union collective bargaining, strikes. Effects: Improved living standards for workers, reduced income inequality.

Causes: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; demands for freedom of the press; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism. Effects: abolishment of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, the introduction of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands, and the beginning of representative government in several other European countries.

Both were attempts to modernize and reform, but the Self-Strengthening Movement focused on China, while the Tanzimat Reforms focused on the Ottoman Empire. Both had limited success.

Both address social inequality, but Utilitarianism seeks to reform capitalism, while Marxism seeks to overthrow it.

Both attempted reforms to modernize, but faced internal and external pressures. Neither was ultimately successful in keeping pace with industrialized nations.

While specific goals varied, labor unions generally aimed to improve working conditions, wages, and workers' rights through collective action.

The Bourgeoisie are the owners, while the Proletariat are the workers. Marx believed these classes were in constant conflict due to the exploitation of the workers.

The Boxer Rebellion further weakened the Qing Dynasty, whereas the Self-Strengthening Movement was an attempt to strengthen it. Both ultimately failed to prevent foreign influence.

Mill advocated for individual liberties and reformed capitalism, while Marx advocated for class struggle and the overthrow of capitalism.

Some labor unions were more successful in certain industries due to factors such as the level of skill required, the demand for labor, and the political climate.

Urban areas experienced rapid growth and industrial development, while rural areas faced agricultural decline and migration to cities.

Utilitarianism influenced social reforms and government policies, while Marxism inspired communist movements and revolutions.

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.

Modernized the Ottoman military, tax collection, roads, and postal service.

Ottoman reforms aimed to decrease corruption, secularize education, codify laws, and update the legal system.

A Chinese attempt to modernize by abolishing the civil service exam, fighting corruption, and reforming medical practices.

Shorter work hours, improved working conditions, increased wages, advocated for workers' rights, improved job security, and expanded suffrage.

The Qing Dynasty collapsed due to internal and external pressures, including the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movement and the Boxer Rebellion.

It aimed to reduce workdays, improve workers' health, and increase leisure time, significantly impacting labor laws and working conditions.

A political document written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London just as the Revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts.

A series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression and were followed by widespread disillusionment by liberals and radicals.

Although the revolutions were a failure, they led to the abolishment of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, the introduction of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands, and the beginning of representative government in several other European countries.