All Flashcards
What is a labor union?
An organization of workers formed to promote and protect its members' interests through collective bargaining.
Define collective bargaining.
Negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working conditions.
What is Utilitarianism?
The idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Define Bourgeoisie (in Marxist terms).
The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.
Define Proletariat (in Marxist terms).
The working class who sell their labor for wages and do not own the means of production.
What is Marxism?
A political and economic theory where class struggle leads to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
What is the Self-Strengthening Movement?
A period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.
What is the Tanzimat?
A series of governmental reforms between 1839 and 1876 in the Ottoman Empire that sought to centralize and rationalize Ottoman rule and capture more tax revenues for the military.
What is Suffrage?
The right to vote in political elections.
What is a strike?
A work stoppage caused by a mass refusal of employees to work.
Who was John Stuart Mill?
A philosopher who promoted Utilitarianism.
Who was Karl Marx?
A philosopher and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto and developed Marxism.
Who was Frederick Engels?
A social scientist, philosopher and communist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx.
Who was Sultan Mahmud II?
An Ottoman Sultan who initiated reforms to modernize the empire.
Who was Sultan Abdulhamid?
An Ottoman Sultan who halted the Tanzimat Reforms.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
An anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.
What did Sultan Mahmud II do?
Modernized the Ottoman military, tax collection, roads, and postal service.
What were the Tanzimat Reforms?
Ottoman reforms aimed to decrease corruption, secularize education, codify laws, and update the legal system.
What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?
A Chinese attempt to modernize by abolishing the civil service exam, fighting corruption, and reforming medical practices.
What were the key achievements of labor unions?
Shorter work hours, improved working conditions, increased wages, advocated for workers' rights, improved job security, and expanded suffrage.
What happened to the Qing Dynasty in 1911?
The Qing Dynasty collapsed due to internal and external pressures, including the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movement and the Boxer Rebellion.
What was the impact of the 8-hour workday movement?
It aimed to reduce workdays, improve workers' health, and increase leisure time, significantly impacting labor laws and working conditions.
What was the Communist Manifesto?
A political document written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London just as the Revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts.
What happened during the Revolutions of 1848?
A series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression and were followed by widespread disillusionment by liberals and radicals.
What was the impact of the Revolutions of 1848?
Although the revolutions were a failure, they led to the abolishment of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, the introduction of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands, and the beginning of representative government in several other European countries.