Cause: Desire for self-rule. Effect: Independence and partition into India and Pakistan.

Cause: Resentment of British colonial rule and land policies. Effect: Intensified conflict and eventual independence for Kenya.

Cause: French attempt to grant more autonomy. Effect: Facilitated the independence of several West African nations.

Cause: Algerian desire for independence from French colonial rule. Effect: Algeria gained independence but with significant casualties and long-term political instability.

Cause: Ethnic tensions and desire for self-determination by the Igbo people. Effect: Nigerian Civil War and the failure of Biafra to secede.

Cause: Growing global support for self-determination and condemnation of colonialism. Effect: Colonial powers faced increasing pressure to grant independence to their colonies.

Cause: Angolan desire for independence from Portuguese rule. Effect: War with Portugal and subsequent Angolan Civil War due to power vacuum.

Cause: Kwame Nkrumah's leadership and peaceful protests. Effect: Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence, inspiring other independence movements.

Cause: Vietnamese desire for independence from French colonial rule and later, resistance to foreign intervention. Effect: Significant conflict, civilian casualties, and eventual reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.

Cause: Quebecois desire for greater autonomy or independence from Canada. Effect: Increased recognition of Quebec's cultural identity but failure to achieve independence.

India's independence was largely peaceful, while Algeria's involved a violent war. India was partitioned, while Algeria remained a single nation after independence.

Ghana's independence was negotiated peacefully, while Kenya's involved a violent uprising (Mau Mau).

Both were secessionist movements, but the Quebecois movement was largely peaceful and unsuccessful, while the Biafra movement led to a violent civil war.

Both were key leaders in their respective independence movements, advocating for self-rule. Gandhi emphasized non-violent resistance, while Nkrumah focused on political organization and mobilization.

French West Africa achieved independence through negotiation and the *loi-cadre*, while Algeria fought a violent war against France.

In India, decolonization led to partition and communal violence, while in Nigeria, it led to a secessionist movement and civil war.

Ho Chi Minh employed both political and military strategies, while Mahatma Gandhi primarily used non-violent civil disobedience.

India faced challenges related to partition and integrating diverse populations, while Algeria faced challenges related to political instability and rebuilding after a violent war.

Ghana's transition to independence was largely peaceful, while Algeria's was marked by significant violence and armed conflict.

Both were driven by a desire to end colonial rule, but the Mau Mau movement was also motivated by grievances over land ownership, while the Algerian War was largely about national identity and sovereignty.

A key leader in India's independence movement, advocating for non-violent protests.

A Western-educated nationalist who led Ghana to independence.

The leader of the Indochinese Communist Party, fighting for Vietnam's independence.