Cause: Spanish Civil War, desire for authoritarian control. Effect: Thousands of political opponents killed, suppression of regional cultures, Catholic dominance.

Cause: Military coup, desire for absolute power. Effect: Persecution of tribes, expulsion of Asians, economic decline.

Cause: Military coup, opposition to socialist policies. Effect: Human rights abuses, reversal of land reforms, economic changes.

Cause: British salt laws. Effect: Increased awareness of Indian independence movement, inspired further civil disobedience.

Cause: Al-Qaeda's opposition to U.S. foreign policy. Effect: U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, increased security measures, global war on terror.

Cause: Socioeconomic inequality, Maoist ideology. Effect: Violent conflict, destabilization of the government, significant loss of life.

Cause: White minority rule, racial prejudice. Effect: Institutionalized segregation, oppression of black Africans, international condemnation.

Cause: Segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. Effect: Increased awareness of racial injustice, rise of Martin Luther King Jr., desegregation of buses in Montgomery.

Cause: Anti-apartheid activism, sabotage against government properties. Effect: Symbol of resistance against apartheid, international pressure on South Africa, eventual release and negotiation for democracy.

Cause: Introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools. Effect: Increased resistance to apartheid, international attention, government crackdown.

A dictator who ruled Spain from 1936-1975, known for oppressing political opponents.

A dictator who ruled Uganda from 1971-1979, known for human rights abuses and expulsions.

A dictator who ruled Chile from 1974-1990, known for human rights abuses and reversing land reforms.

The leader of the Shining Path, a Maoist guerrilla group in Peru.

The founder of al-Qaeda, a terrorist organization.

The leader of the Indian nationalist movement, known for his nonviolent protest methods.

A leader of the American Civil Rights Movement, inspired by Gandhi's nonviolent methods.

An anti-apartheid revolutionary and former President of South Africa.

An anti-apartheid activist in South Africa, known for his role in the Black Consciousness Movement.

A South African Anglican cleric and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist.

1936-1975. His rule was marked by violence and oppression.

1971-1979. His rule was characterized by atrocities and persecution.

1974-1990. His rule was marked by human rights abuses and the reversal of land reforms.

A nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in India to defy British salt laws.

A series of coordinated terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001.

A violent insurgency led by the Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path from the 1980s to the late 1990s.

A civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating.

An event in South Africa where police opened fire on a crowd of black people protesting apartheid laws.

1994-1999. He was a key figure in the fight against apartheid.

A series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools.