Institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

The refusal to comply with certain laws or demands of a government for the purpose of influencing legislation or policy, characterized by nonviolent resistance.

The close relationship between the military and the defense industry that can influence public policy.

A struggle that Muslims experience, which can be internal or external.

A form of resistance against established power structures without the use of violence.

An organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict.

A process where the output of a system inhibits or reduces the activity of the system.

Unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power.

A political theory advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

A form of protest involving the refusal to purchase goods or services from a specific company or country.

1936-1975. His rule was marked by violence and oppression.

1971-1979. His rule was characterized by atrocities and persecution.

1974-1990. His rule was marked by human rights abuses and the reversal of land reforms.

A nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in India to defy British salt laws.

A series of coordinated terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001.

A violent insurgency led by the Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path from the 1980s to the late 1990s.

A civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating.

An event in South Africa where police opened fire on a crowd of black people protesting apartheid laws.

1994-1999. He was a key figure in the fight against apartheid.

A series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools.

Both advocated nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. King was directly inspired by Gandhi's methods and applied them to the American Civil Rights Movement.

Shining Path aimed to establish a communist state in Peru. Al-Qaeda aimed to target the U.S. and its allies for supporting governments like Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

Both were dictators who used violence and oppression to maintain power. Franco focused on suppressing regional cultures and promoting Catholicism, while Pinochet reversed land reforms and committed human rights abuses.

While both ultimately embraced nonviolent resistance, Mandela initially engaged in acts of sabotage, whereas King always advocated for nonviolent methods.

Both events galvanized movements for social change and highlighted the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance. The Salt March focused on independence from British rule, while the Montgomery Bus Boycott addressed racial segregation.

Both groups used violence to achieve their goals. Shining Path focused on overthrowing the Peruvian government, while Al-Qaeda targeted the U.S. and its allies globally.

Both were authoritarian leaders who came to power through military coups and suppressed dissent. Amin's rule was characterized by erratic behavior and brutality, while Pinochet implemented neoliberal economic policies.

Mandela was a political leader who spent years in prison for his activism, while Tutu was an Anglican cleric who used his platform to advocate for human rights and reconciliation.

In India, the goal was independence from British rule, while in the United States, the goal was to end racial segregation and achieve civil rights for African Americans.

Both left legacies of political division and human rights abuses. Spain transitioned to democracy after Franco's death, while Chile struggled to address the legacy of Pinochet's dictatorship.