Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

It created a class of Christian-born administrators and soldiers loyal to the sultan.

It increased tensions between Sunni and Shia Muslims within the empire.

It led to widespread conversion to Islam among subjugated peoples.

It marginalized traditional aristocracy in favor of merchant class elites.

Increased employment opportunities alongside enhanced administrative efficiency throughout empire territories.

Sudden surge of libertarian ideologies undermining authoritative structures at all levels of administration.

Immediate privatization of traditional public services including education and defense sectors.

Large-scale uprisings by local governors seeking autonomy from central bureaucratic controls.

Emphasis on naval power for control

Complete eradication of local rulers

Centralized bureaucratic system

Election based ruling system

A favorable balance of trade with more exports than imports.

The complete elimination of tariffs on all foreign goods.

An emphasis on distributing wealth equally among its population.

Encouragement for citizens to purchase only imported goods.

The empire moved towards a democratic model with elected regional representatives.

It adopted more religiously inclusive policies to ensure broad-based support for centralized authority.

Aurangzeb dismantled the existing system and instituted an anarchical state without a government structure.

The empire introduced radical tax reforms benefitting only the wealthy class.

Copper

Silver

Paper money

Gold

By establishing a common language policy throughout the empire.

By enforcing strict religious orthodoxy within its military ranks.

By recruiting and converting Christian boys to Islam for military and administrative service.

By allowing local chieftains autonomy in exchange for annual tributes.

Songhai

Russian

Mughal

Qing

Peter I implemented strict religious policies, whereas the Qing Dynasty promoted religious freedom.

Peter I westernized and modernized Russia, while the Qing Dynasty maintained traditional Chinese forms of governance.

Only in Russia was centralized bureaucracy used for administration under Peter I.

Peter I abolished serfdom, while the Qing Dynasty continued to rely on peasant labor.

Were nonexistent as they were united as an Islamic alliance

Intensified because of Sunni-Shi'a disputes between the two groups

Were mostly neutral because of a pact of non-aggression

Only existed whenever they met on the battlefield