Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

Peter I implemented strict religious policies, whereas the Qing Dynasty promoted religious freedom.

Peter I westernized and modernized Russia, while the Qing Dynasty maintained traditional Chinese forms of governance.

Only in Russia was centralized bureaucracy used for administration under Peter I.

Peter I abolished serfdom, while the Qing Dynasty continued to rely on peasant labor.

It created a class of Christian-born administrators and soldiers loyal to the sultan.

It increased tensions between Sunni and Shia Muslims within the empire.

It led to widespread conversion to Islam among subjugated peoples.

It marginalized traditional aristocracy in favor of merchant class elites.

Investment in naval forces may divert resources from infrastructure projects stifling economic growth within the empire.

The empire could become a central hub for global exploration setting up colonies similar to Portuguese or Spanish empires.

Increased Ottoman naval power could lead to greater control over Mediterranean trade routes and a challenge to European maritime states.

A greater focus on navy building might weaken Ottoman territorial holdings encouraging revolts from within.

Feudalism

Manorial System

Silk Roads

Mercantilism

Increased employment opportunities alongside enhanced administrative efficiency throughout empire territories.

Sudden surge of libertarian ideologies undermining authoritative structures at all levels of administration.

Immediate privatization of traditional public services including education and defense sectors.

Large-scale uprisings by local governors seeking autonomy from central bureaucratic controls.

Religious conflicts may have accelerated, potentially leading to an earlier collapse of the empire.

Hinduism would become state religion, leading to increased tensions with Muslim minorities.

Akbar's court wouldn't include officials from various religions, restricting diversity in administration.

Mughal architecture wouldn't reflect diverse influences, remaining predominantly Islamic.

Serfdom diversified economic activities by enabling peasants to participate in both agriculture and manufacturing.

Serfdom led to an increase in overseas trade as peasants were able to produce more exportable surplus goods.

Serfdom promoted rapid urbanization as peasants sought freedom by moving to burgeoning cities for work.

Serfdom hindered industrial development by keeping peasant labor tied to large estates run by nobility.

Zheng He

Yu Qian

Hongwu Emperor

Christopher Columbus

The telescope

Gunpowder

Paper making

The compass

Emphasis on naval power for control

Complete eradication of local rulers

Centralized bureaucratic system

Election based ruling system