#AP African American Studies: The Night Before Review 🚀

Hey! You've got this. Let's make sure you're feeling super confident for your AP exam tomorrow. This guide is designed to be your quick, high-impact review. We'll hit all the key points, make connections, and get you ready to rock! Let's go!

#1. Trailblazers in Science, Medicine, and Technology

#1.1. Scientific Contributions 🔬

**** African Americans have revolutionized various fields, from agriculture to space exploration.
**

Key Concept

** George Washington Carver: Transformed agriculture with methods to prevent soil depletion. He also served as an agricultural counselor to President Theodore Roosevelt. 💡

Quick Fact

** Garrett Morgan: Invented gas masks and traffic lights, improving safety and efficiency.🚦

Lewis Latimer: Created longer-lasting light bulbs, contributing to widespread electrification.💡
Otis Boykin: Developed resistors used in computers and pacemakers, advancing technology and healthcare.

#1.2. Women in Space Programs 👩🏾u200d🚀

**** African American women played crucial roles in US space programs, breaking barriers and inspiring future generations.
**

Key Concept

** Katherine Johnson: NASA mathematician whose calculations were essential for space travel, including the Apollo missions. 🚀

Quick Fact

** Mae Jemison: Physician, engineer, and first African American woman in space (1992). 👩🏾u200d🚀

Mary Jackson: NASA's first Black female engineer, who made significant contributions to supersonic flight research.
Christine Darden: NASA data analyst and aerospace engineer, specializing in sonic boom minimization.

Mary Jackson at Work, 1977

Caption: Mary Jackson's work at NASA broke both racial and gender barriers, paving the way for future generations in STEM.

Mae Jemison Works at Zero Gravity, 1992

Caption: Mae Jemison's mission aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour was a milestone for African Americans and women in space exploration.

Practice Question

Multiple Choice Question:

Which of the following inventions is NOT attributed to an African American inventor? (A) Gas Mask (B) Traffic Light (C) Long-lasting Light Bulb (D) The printing press
Which African American woman's mathematical work was crucial to the success of early NASA space missions? (A) Mae Jemison (B) Mary Jackson (C) Katherine Johnson (D) Christine Darden

Short Answer Question:

Briefly explain how the contributions of African American women in NASA challenged prevailing societal narratives about race and gender.

#2. Medical Contributions and Healthcare

#2.1. Community-Based Healthcare Systems 🏥

**** African Americans established vital community-based healthcare systems to address disparities.
**

Key Concept

** Provided free community-based care, emphasizing early diagnosis. 💡

Collaborated with local governments to establish America's first nonsegregated hospitals.
**

Quick Fact

** The Black hospital movement in the mid-20th century improved access to healthcare for underserved communities.

Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute to train Black nurses.
Mary Eliza Mahoney: First licensed African American nurse. 👩🏾u200d⚕️

#2.2. Medical Schools and Associations 🎓

**** Established medical schools to train Black medical professionals.
**

Key Concept

** HBCUs like Meharry College, Howard University, and Morehouse played a crucial role. 🏥

Quick Fact

** National Medical Association (NMA) founded in 1895 to promote the interests of Black physicians and address health disparities. 🩺

#2.3. Medical Advancements and Pioneers 🌟

Key Concept

** Onesimus: An enslaved man who introduced variolation (early form of vaccination) to the British American colonies, helping to control smallpox. 💡

Quick Fact

** Daniel Hale Williams: Founded Provident Hospital (1891), the first Black-owned hospital in the US, and performed the world's first successful heart surgery (1893). 🫀

Kizzmekia Corbett: Viral immunologist, central to the development of the Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. 💉
Charles Drew: Revolutionized blood banking and transfusion techniques; developed methods for blood plasma storage and large-scale blood banks. 🩸

Henrietta Lacks (HeLa): The Mother of Modern Medicine by Kadir Nelson, 2017

Caption: Henrietta Lacks' cells have been crucial in countless medical breakthroughs, though her story also highlights ethical issues in medical research.

Practice Question

Multiple Choice Question:

Which of the following best describes the significance of the National Medical Association (NMA)? (A) It was the first medical school in the United States. (B) It was founded to promote the interests of Black physicians and address health disparities. (C) It was a government program to fund medical research. (D) It was a research lab that developed the polio vaccine.
Daniel Hale Williams is best known for which of the following achievements? (A) Developing the polio vaccine. (B) Revolutionizing blood banking techniques. (C) Founding the first Black-owned hospital and performing the world's first successful heart surgery. (D) Leading the Tuskegee Institute's nursing program.

Short Answer Question:

Explain how the establishment of community-based healthcare systems by African Americans addressed the healthcare needs of underserved populations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

#3. Discrimination Against Black Disabled

#3.1. Eugenics and Systemic Oppression 🚫

**** The rise of eugenics in the early 20th century heightened stigmatization based on race and ability.
**

Key Concept

** Black people with disabilities faced multiple forms of systemic oppression: harassment, institutionalization, and infringement of rights. 😔

Quick Fact

** Forced sterilization programs disproportionately targeted Black women. 💔

Common Mistake

** Don't forget the intersectionality of racism and ableism, which amplified discrimination.

Limited access to education, employment, and healthcare.

#3.2. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ⚖️

**** The ADA, passed in 1990, prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities.
**

Key Concept

** Built upon civil rights legislative achievements that outlawed Jim Crow. ✊🏾

Quick Fact

** Mandated accessibility requirements in public spaces and transportation, and required employers to provide reasonable accommodations. ♿

Common Mistake

** Remember that the intersection of race and disability still poses unique challenges, with higher rates of disability among African Americans due to socioeconomic disparities and continued barriers to accessing services.

Practice Question

Multiple Choice Question:

What was the impact of the eugenics movement on Black people with disabilities in the early 20th century? (A) It led to increased access to healthcare and education. (B) It resulted in decreased discrimination and stigmatization. (C) It heightened stigmatization and led to forced sterilization programs. (D) It had no impact on the lives of Black people with disabilities.
What was the primary purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990? (A) To promote eugenics and forced sterilization programs. (B) To provide educational scholarships to people with disabilities. (C) To prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities and ensure equal access. (D) To establish segregated institutions for people with disabilities.

Free Response Question:

Explain how the intersectionality of race and disability has historically affected African Americans. Discuss the impact of eugenics and the significance of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in addressing these issues. (5 points)

Point 1: Explanation of intersectionality – how race and disability combine to create unique forms of discrimination.
Point 2: Discussion of the eugenics movement and its discriminatory impact on African Americans with disabilities (e.g., forced sterilization).
Point 3: Explanation of the purpose and impact of the ADA in prohibiting discrimination.
Point 4: Discussion of how the ADA has expanded protections and accommodations for people with disabilities.
Point 5: Discussion of the ongoing challenges and disparities faced by African Americans with disabilities despite the ADA.

#Final Exam Focus 🎯

#High-Priority Topics:

**** Contributions of African Americans in STEM (Carver, Morgan, Latimer, Boykin)
**** Women in space programs (Johnson, Jemison, Jackson, Darden)
**** Community-based healthcare systems and medical pioneers (Williams, Drew)
**** Eugenics and the impact of the ADA

#Common Question Types:

Multiple Choice: Expect questions on key figures, inventions, and historical events. Often, questions will combine multiple concepts.
Short Answer: Focus on explaining the significance of specific contributions and the impact of discrimination.
Free Response: Be prepared to analyze the intersectionality of race and disability and the impact of key legislation.

#Last-Minute Tips:

Exam Tip

** Time Management: Don't spend too long on any one question. If you're stuck, move on and come back later.

Exam Tip

** Common Pitfalls: Avoid generalizations; use specific examples and details to support your answers.

Exam Tip

** Strategies: Read each question carefully, underline key words, and plan your response before writing.

Memory Aid

** Remember "STEM-MED-ADA": Science, Technology, Engineering, Medicine, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. This should help you organize your thoughts during the exam.

You've got this! Go get that 5! 💪🏾