Multiple Choice:

1. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of illuminated manuscripts during the Medieval period? (A) To serve as legal documents (B) To decorate royal palaces (C) To aid in personal devotion and biblical storytelling (D) To record historical events

2. Merovingian fibulae are primarily examples of: (A) Religious icons (B) Status symbols and wealth (C) Architectural models (D) Tools for agriculture

Free Response Question:

Compare and contrast the function and audience of art in the Late Antique/Byzantine period with that of the Gothic period. In your response, consider specific examples of artworks and architectural structures. (10 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (2 points): A clear thesis statement that identifies at least one similarity and one difference in the function and audience of art in the Late Antique/Byzantine and Gothic periods.
• Late Antique/Byzantine (3 points):
  • Identification of the primary function of art as religious and didactic.
  • Discussion of the audience as primarily clergy, church visitors, and wealthy patrons.
  • Specific example of artwork or architectural structure (e.g., Hagia Sophia, mosaics of San Vitale) with a brief explanation of its function and audience.
• Gothic (3 points):
  • Identification of the primary function of art as religious and didactic.
  • Discussion of the audience as primarily clergy, church visitors, and wealthy patrons, with the inclusion of a growing lay audience.
  • Specific example of artwork or architectural structure (e.g., Chartres Cathedral, stained glass) with a brief explanation of its function and audience.
• Comparison/Contrast (2 points):
  • Clear comparison of the similarities in religious function.
  • Clear contrast of the differences in the scope of the audience, with the Gothic period seeing a broader reach.

Multiple Choice:

1. What is a primary characteristic of Islamic art in religious contexts? (A) The use of realistic human figures (B) The avoidance of figural representation (C) The use of bright, contrasting colors (D) The focus on landscape scenes

2. Besides religious purposes, Islamic art also served to: (A) Promote scientific research (B) Display the power and wealth of rulers (C) Document historical events (D) Encourage trade with other regions

Free Response Question:

Discuss the purpose of Islamic art within religious and secular contexts. Provide specific examples to support your claims. (10 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (2 points): A clear thesis statement that identifies the dual purposes of Islamic art: religious devotion and the display of power.
• Religious Context (4 points):
  • Discussion of the primary purpose of Islamic art as honoring God.
  • Identification of the use of geometric patterns, calligraphy, and arabesques in mosques.
  • Specific example of a mosque or religious artwork (e.g., Dome of the Rock, Great Mosque of Cordoba) with a brief explanation of its function.
  • Explanation of the avoidance of figural representation in religious contexts.
• Secular Context (4 points):
  • Explanation of how Islamic art was used to display the wealth and power of rulers.
  • Identification of elaborate designs and precious materials used in palace art.
  • Specific example of a palace or secular artwork (e.g., Alhambra Palace, Persian carpets) with a brief explanation of its function.

Multiple Choice:

1. What is a distinctive feature of Romanesque churches, particularly those along pilgrimage routes? (A) The use of large stained-glass windows (B) The incorporation of flying buttresses (C) The design to accommodate large numbers of travelers (D) The emphasis on natural light and open spaces

2. The Church of Sainte-Foy primarily served as a: (A) Royal palace (B) Center for scientific research (C) Place of worship and shelter for pilgrims (D) Market for local goods

Free Response Question:

Analyze how the function of Romanesque churches was influenced by the practice of pilgrimage. Use the Church of Sainte-Foy as a specific example. (10 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (2 points): A clear thesis statement that identifies the dual function of Romanesque churches as religious centers and shelters for pilgrims, influenced by the practice of pilgrimage.
• Pilgrimage Influence (4 points):
  • Explanation of the importance of pilgrimage during the Romanesque period.
  • Discussion of how churches were strategically located along pilgrimage routes.
  • Analysis of how the design of churches accommodated large numbers of travelers.
  • Description of the use of art and architecture to inspire and educate pilgrims.
• Church of Sainte-Foy (4 points):
  • Specific example of the Church of Sainte-Foy as a key example of Romanesque architecture along pilgrimage routes.
  • Explanation of how the church served as both a place of worship and shelter.
  • Discussion of the church's features, such as its layout and sculptural programs, that catered to pilgrims.

Multiple Choice:

1. What major shift in the purpose of art occurred during the Renaissance? (A) A complete rejection of religious themes (B) A focus on abstract and non-representational art (C) A move towards secular themes and the celebration of the individual (D) A return to the artistic styles of the Byzantine period

2. The Arnolfini Portrait is an example of: (A) Religious propaganda (B) A secular portrait celebrating a wealthy couple (C) A historical narrative painting (D) A public monument

Free Response Question:

Discuss the changing purposes of art during the Renaissance, focusing on the impact of both secular humanism and the Protestant Reformation. Provide specific examples to support your claims. (10 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (2 points): A clear thesis statement that identifies the changing purposes of art during the Renaissance, influenced by both secular humanism and the Protestant Reformation.
• Secular Humanism (4 points):
  • Explanation of the rise of secular themes and the celebration of the individual.
  • Discussion of how art began to reflect individual status and wealth.
  • Specific example of a secular artwork (e.g., Arnolfini Portrait, Mona Lisa) with a brief explanation of its function and audience.
  • Analysis of how humanism influenced artistic styles and subject matter.
• Protestant Reformation (4 points):
  • Explanation of the impact of the Protestant Reformation on religious art.
  • Discussion of the use of art for personal devotion and prayer in Northern Europe.
  • Specific example of a religious artwork from the Protestant Reformation (e.g., Annunciation Triptych) with a brief explanation of its function and audience.
  • Analysis of how the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation through art.

Multiple Choice:

1. What is a primary goal of Baroque art? (A) To promote scientific accuracy (B) To create an emotional response in the viewer (C) To depict everyday life realistically (D) To focus on abstract and non-representational forms

2. The Catholic Church used Baroque art primarily to: (A) Encourage scientific inquiry (B) Promote religious ideologies and reassert their dominance (C) Document historical events (D) Celebrate secular humanism

Free Response Question:

Discuss how the Catholic Church used Baroque art as part of the Counter-Reformation. Provide specific examples to support your claims. (10 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (2 points): A clear thesis statement that identifies the role of Baroque art in the Catholic Church's Counter-Reformation efforts.
• Counter-Reformation Context (4 points):
  • Explanation of the Counter-Reformation and its goals.
  • Discussion of how the Catholic Church used art to promote religious ideologies and reassert their dominance.
  • Analysis of the dramatic and emotional qualities of Baroque art and how they served the Church's purposes.
  • Explanation of the use of art as propaganda by the Catholic Church.
• Specific Examples (4 points):
  • Specific example of a Baroque artwork commissioned by the Catholic Church (e.g., The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, The Calling of St. Matthew) with a brief explanation of its function and audience.
  • Discussion of how the artwork's features (e.g., use of light and shadow, dramatic composition) contributed to its effectiveness as a tool of the Counter-Reformation.

Multiple Choice:

1. What was a primary purpose of art in colonial America? (A) To promote religious tolerance (B) To document and celebrate the New World (C) To express political dissent (D) To encourage social reform

2. The primary audience for colonial art was: (A) Native American communities (B) European patrons (C) African slaves (D) Colonial merchants

Free Response Question:

Discuss the role of art in colonial America, focusing on its purpose and audience. Provide specific examples to support your claims. (10 points)

Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (2 points): A clear thesis statement that identifies the role of art in colonial America as documentation and celebration of the New World, primarily for a European audience.
• Purpose of Colonial Art (4 points):
  • Explanation of how colonial art served to document the people, cultures, and landscapes of the New World.
  • Discussion of the use of portraits and landscapes in colonial art.
  • Analysis of how the art reflected the perspectives and interests of the colonizers.
  • Explanation of how colonial art served as a form of cultural documentation.
• Audience of Colonial Art (4 points):
  • Identification of the primary audience for colonial art as European patrons.
  • Discussion of how the art was intended for a distant audience.
  • Specific example of colonial artwork (e.g., portraits of colonial figures, landscape paintings of the Americas) with a brief explanation of its function and audience.