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  1. AP Chinese Language And Literature
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Glossary

乡

乡下 (xiāng xià) / 农村 (nóng cūn)

Criticality: 2

Terms for 'countryside' or 'rural area.' 农村 is more formal and commonly used.

Example:

我喜欢去乡下度假,享受宁静的田园风光,而农村经济的发展也越来越受到重视。

传

传统 (chuán tǒng)

Criticality: 2

Traditional; referring to customs, beliefs, or ways of doing things that have existed for a long time.

Example:

春节是中国最重要的传统节日,家家户户都会贴春联。

伯

伯伯 (bó bo)

Criticality: 2

Father's older brother (paternal uncle).

Example:

我的伯伯住在农村,他是一位经验丰富的农民。

伯母 (bó mǔ)

Criticality: 1

Father's older brother's wife (paternal uncle's wife).

Example:

我的伯母很擅长园艺,她的花园总是生机勃勃。

侄

侄女 (zhí nǚ)

Criticality: 2

Brother's daughter (niece).

Example:

我的侄女很聪明,学习成绩很好。

侄子 (zhí zi)

Criticality: 2

Brother's son (nephew).

Example:

我的侄子梦想成为一名足球运动员。

儿

儿媳妇 (ér xí fù)

Criticality: 2

Daughter-in-Law (son's wife).

Example:

她对她的儿媳妇像亲生女儿一样好。

儿子 (ér zi)

Criticality: 3

Son.

Example:

他希望他的儿子能健康快乐地成长。

公

公公 (gōng gong)

Criticality: 2

Husband's father (father-in-law).

Example:

她经常和她的公公一起散步,聊聊家常。

单

单身妈妈 (dān shēn mā ma) / 单亲妈妈 (dān qīn mā ma)

Criticality: 2

Terms for 'single mother,' referring to a mother raising children without a partner.

Example:

她是一位坚强的单身妈妈,独自抚养孩子并努力工作。

单身爸爸 (dān shēn bà ba) / 单亲爸爸 (dān qīn bàba)

Criticality: 2

Terms for 'single father,' referring to a father raising children without a partner.

Example:

这位单亲爸爸不仅要工作,还要照顾孩子的日常生活。

叔

叔叔 (shū shu)

Criticality: 2

Father's younger brother (paternal uncle).

Example:

我的叔叔很幽默,他总是能把大家逗笑。

和

和谐 (hé xié)

Criticality: 3

Harmony; a state of agreement or concord, often emphasizing the avoidance of conflict and promotion of peaceful coexistence.

Example:

家庭和谐是幸福生活的基础,大家应该互相理解和支持。

哥

哥哥 (gē ge)

Criticality: 3

Older brother.

Example:

我的哥哥很喜欢打篮球,我们经常一起去运动。

城

城市 (chéng shì)

Criticality: 2

City; a large and densely populated urban area.

Example:

许多年轻人选择到大城市发展,寻求更多的机会。

堂

堂 (táng)

Criticality: 3

A prefix used for cousins who share the same paternal grandfather, meaning they have the same last name.

Example:

我的堂哥是爸爸哥哥的儿子,所以我们姓氏相同。

堂哥 (táng gē)

Criticality: 2

Older male cousin from father's brother's side (same last name).

Example:

我的堂哥比我大两岁,我们从小一起长大。

堂妹 (táng mèi)

Criticality: 2

Younger female cousin from father's brother's side (same last name).

Example:

我的堂妹很活泼,总是充满活力。

堂姐 (táng jiě)

Criticality: 2

Older female cousin from father's brother's side (same last name).

Example:

我的堂姐在大学学习艺术。

堂弟 (táng dì)

Criticality: 2

Younger male cousin from father's brother's side (same last name).

Example:

我的堂弟很喜欢玩电子游戏。

外

外 (wài)

Criticality: 3

A prefix often referring to the maternal side of the family or indicating an external relationship, highlighting the historical tradition of women moving into their husband's family after marriage.

Example:

在称呼亲戚时,外婆和外公都指的是妈妈那边的亲人。

外公 (wài gōng) / 姥爷 (lǎo ye)

Criticality: 3

Terms for 'Maternal Grandfather' (mother's father).

Example:

我的外公是一位退休的老师,他很有学问。

外婆 (wài pó) / 姥姥 (lǎo lao)

Criticality: 3

Terms for 'Maternal Grandmother' (mother's mother).

Example:

每年暑假我都会去外婆家,她做的饭菜总是那么香。

外孙女 (wài sūn nǚ)

Criticality: 2

Granddaughter through daughter.

Example:

我的外孙女每年都会来我家过暑假。

外孙子 (wài sūn zi)

Criticality: 2

Grandson through daughter.

Example:

我的外孙子很喜欢和我一起玩乐高。

外甥 (wài shēng)

Criticality: 2

Sister's son (nephew).

Example:

我的外甥很调皮,但也很可爱。

外甥女 (wài shēng nǚ)

Criticality: 2

Sister's daughter (niece).

Example:

我的外甥女今年刚上幼儿园。

女

女儿 (nǚ ér)

Criticality: 3

Daughter.

Example:

她为自己的女儿感到骄傲,因为她考上了理想的大学。

女婿 (nǚ xù)

Criticality: 2

Son-in-Law (daughter's husband).

Example:

我的女婿很孝顺,经常来看望我们。

奶

奶奶 (nǎi nai)

Criticality: 3

Paternal Grandmother (father's mother).

Example:

我的奶奶喜欢讲故事,她的故事总是那么引人入胜。

妈

妈妈 (mā ma) / 母亲 (mǔ qīn)

Criticality: 3

Terms for 'Mom' or 'Mother.' 妈妈 is more informal, while 母亲 is more formal.

Example:

我的妈妈总是给我做最美味的饭菜,而母亲节是表达对她感谢的好机会。

妹

妹夫 (mèi fū)

Criticality: 2

Younger sister's husband (brother-in-law).

Example:

我的妹夫是一位摄影师,他的作品很有创意。

妹妹 (mèi mei)

Criticality: 3

Younger sister.

Example:

我的妹妹很可爱,她喜欢画画和唱歌。

姐

姐夫 (jiě fū)

Criticality: 2

Older sister's husband (brother-in-law).

Example:

我的姐夫是一位幽默风趣的人,总是能活跃气氛。

姐姐 (jiě jie)

Criticality: 3

Older sister.

Example:

我的姐姐比我大三岁,她经常帮助我学习。

姑

姑妈 (gū mā)

Criticality: 2

Father's older sister (paternal aunt).

Example:

我的姑妈每年都会从国外回来探亲。

姑姑 (gū gu)

Criticality: 2

Father's younger sister (paternal aunt).

Example:

我的姑姑是一位老师,她对学生很有耐心。

姑父 (gū fu)

Criticality: 1

Father's sister's husband (paternal aunt's husband).

Example:

我的姑父是一位医生,他工作很忙。

姨

姨妈 (yí mā)

Criticality: 2

Mother's older sister (maternal aunt).

Example:

我的姨妈是一位艺术家,她的画作非常美丽。

婆

婆婆 (pó po)

Criticality: 2

Husband's mother (mother-in-law).

Example:

她和她的婆婆相处得很好,像亲母女一样。

婶

婶婶 (shěn shen)

Criticality: 1

Father's younger brother's wife (paternal uncle's wife).

Example:

我的婶婶是一位厨师,她做的菜肴很受欢迎。

嫂

嫂子 (sǎo zi)

Criticality: 2

Older brother's wife (sister-in-law).

Example:

我的嫂子很会做饭,每次家庭聚会都由她掌勺。

孙

孙女 (sūn nǚ)

Criticality: 2

Granddaughter through son.

Example:

我的孙女很喜欢听我讲故事。

孙子 (sūn zi)

Criticality: 2

Grandson through son.

Example:

我的孙子在学校表现很好,我很为他骄傲。

孝

孝顺 (xiào shùn)

Criticality: 3

Filial piety; a core Confucian value emphasizing respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elders throughout their lives.

Example:

在中华文化中,孝顺是子女对父母最基本的责任和美德。

家

家庭 (jiā tíng)

Criticality: 3

The Chinese word for family, which is considered the fundamental unit and core of society in Chinese culture.

Example:

在春节,整个家庭都会聚在一起吃团圆饭,庆祝新年。

尊

尊重 (zūn zhòng)

Criticality: 3

Respect; showing consideration and admiration for someone or something.

Example:

我们应该尊重长辈的经验和智慧。

屋

屋子 (wū zi) / 房子 (fáng zi)

Criticality: 1

Terms for 'house' or 'room.' 房子 generally refers to a building, while 屋子 can refer to a room or a smaller dwelling.

Example:

我们正在寻找一间带大花园的房子,希望能在新屋子里享受生活。

岳

岳母 (yuè mǔ)

Criticality: 2

Wife's mother (mother-in-law).

Example:

他经常去看望他的岳母,并帮助她做家务。

岳父 (yuè fù)

Criticality: 2

Wife's father (father-in-law).

Example:

我的岳父是一位退休的工程师,他很喜欢钓鱼。

弟

弟妇 (dì fù)

Criticality: 2

Younger brother's wife (sister-in-law).

Example:

我的弟妇是一位温柔善良的女性。

弟弟 (dì di)

Criticality: 3

Younger brother.

Example:

我的弟弟正在上小学,他梦想成为一名宇航员。

洋

洋气 (yáng qì)

Criticality: 1

Western style; fashionable or foreign-looking, often implying a modern or non-traditional aesthetic.

Example:

她穿了一件很洋气的连衣裙,看起来非常时尚。

父

父权制 (fù quán zhì)

Criticality: 3

Patriarchal system, a social structure where men hold primary power and authority in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.

Example:

在传统的父权制家庭中,父亲通常是家庭的决策者。

父系的 (fù xì de)

Criticality: 2

Patrilineal, referring to a system in which descent is traced through the paternal line.

Example:

中国传统社会是父系的,姓氏和财产通常都由男性继承。

爷

爷爷 (yé ye)

Criticality: 3

Paternal Grandfather (father's father).

Example:

我的爷爷喜欢下棋,他经常教我一些棋艺。

爸

爸爸 (bà ba) / 父亲 (fù qīn)

Criticality: 3

Terms for 'Dad' or 'Father.' 爸爸 is more informal, while 父亲 is more formal.

Example:

我的爸爸教我骑自行车,他是一位非常负责任的父亲。

现

现代 (xiàn dài)

Criticality: 2

Modern; referring to the present time or recent times, often characterized by new ideas, methods, or styles.

Example:

现代社会的生活节奏很快,人们的生活方式也发生了很大变化。

离

离婚 (lí hūn)

Criticality: 2

To divorce; the legal dissolution of a marriage.

Example:

虽然他们离婚了,但为了孩子,他们仍然保持着友好的关系。

结

结婚 (jié hūn)

Criticality: 3

To marry; the act of entering into a marital union.

Example:

他们计划明年春天结婚,并邀请所有亲朋好友参加婚礼。

老

老公 (lǎo gōng) / 丈夫 (zhàng fu)

Criticality: 2

Terms for 'Husband.' 老公 is a more colloquial and affectionate term, while 丈夫 is more formal.

Example:

我的老公每天早上都会给我做咖啡,他是一位体贴的丈夫。

老婆 (lǎo pó) / 妻子 (qī zi)

Criticality: 2

Terms for 'Wife.' 老婆 is a more colloquial and affectionate term, while 妻子 is more formal.

Example:

他送了一束花给他的老婆,而他的妻子在公司里是一位成功的经理。

舅

舅母 (jiù mǔ)

Criticality: 1

Mother's brother's wife (maternal uncle's wife).

Example:

我的舅母做的饺子特别好吃。

舅舅 (jiù jiu)

Criticality: 2

Mother's brother (maternal uncle).

Example:

我的舅舅是一位工程师,他经常给我讲一些科技知识。

表

表 (biǎo)

Criticality: 3

A prefix used for cousins who do not share the same paternal grandfather, meaning they have different last names (e.g., from a paternal aunt or any maternal sibling).

Example:

我的表姐是妈妈姐姐的女儿,所以我们姓氏不同。

表哥 (biǎo gē)

Criticality: 2

Older male cousin from father's sister's side or any maternal sibling's side (different last name).

Example:

我的表哥是一位优秀的运动员。

表妹 (biǎo mèi)

Criticality: 2

Younger female cousin from father's sister's side or any maternal sibling's side (different last name).

Example:

我的表妹很喜欢跳舞。

表姐 (biǎo jiě)

Criticality: 2

Older female cousin from father's sister's side or any maternal sibling's side (different last name).

Example:

我的表姐在国外留学。

表弟 (biǎo dì)

Criticality: 2

Younger male cousin from father's sister's side or any maternal sibling's side (different last name).

Example:

我的表弟喜欢看动画片。

阿

阿姨 (ā yí)

Criticality: 2

Mother's younger sister (maternal aunt); also a general term for an adult woman.

Example:

这位阿姨很热心,经常帮助社区里的老人。