Glossary
Earth's Orbit
The elliptical path Earth takes around the Sun, which influences the amount of solar energy received and contributes to long-term climate variations.
Example:
Changes in Earth's orbit over thousands of years, known as Milankovitch cycles, can trigger ice ages by altering the distribution of solar energy.
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric gases, such as CO2, methane, and water vapor, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, trapping heat and warming the planet.
Example:
Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases from human activities are leading to global warming and more frequent extreme weather events.
Leeward Side
The side of a mountain or landform that is sheltered from the prevailing wind, characterized by descending dry air and significantly less precipitation.
Example:
Deserts often form on the leeward side of large mountain ranges because the air has lost most of its moisture on the opposite slope.
Ocean Currents
Continuous, directed movements of ocean water driven by wind, temperature, and salinity differences, which distribute heat around the globe.
Example:
The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, significantly moderates the climate of Western Europe, making it milder than other regions at similar latitudes.
Rain Shadow Effect
A climatic phenomenon where a mountain range blocks the passage of rain-producing weather systems, creating a dry, arid region on the leeward side.
Example:
The Sierra Nevada mountains create a dramatic rain shadow effect, resulting in the lush forests on their western slopes and the arid deserts of Nevada to the east.
Solar Radiation
The energy emitted by the Sun, primarily in the form of electromagnetic waves, which is the fundamental driver of Earth's climate system.
Example:
The amount of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface varies with latitude, causing tropical regions to be warmer than polar regions.
Volcanic Activity
The eruption of volcanoes, which can release ash and aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily blocking solar radiation and causing short-term global cooling.
Example:
A massive volcanic activity event, like the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, can cause a noticeable but temporary dip in global temperatures for a few years.
Windward Side
The side of a mountain or landform that faces the prevailing wind, typically receiving abundant precipitation as moist air is forced to rise and cool.
Example:
The windward side of the Hawaiian islands receives significantly more rainfall, supporting dense rainforests, compared to the drier leeward side.