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What is the Bessemer process?
A revolutionary steel production process.
Define mass society.
A culture with large, impersonal public institutions and shared experiences.
What is mass production?
Efficient, large-scale production of goods, often using assembly lines.
Define consumer culture.
A culture where consumption and the purchase of goods are highly valued.
What is mass leisure?
Leisure activities that are popular among a large segment of the population.
What is mass politics?
Political movements and parties that seek to represent the common people.
Define the Second Industrial Revolution.
A period of rapid industrialization from the 1870s onward, characterized by advancements in electricity, chemicals, steel, and petroleum.
What are refrigerated rail cars?
Rail cars that allowed for the transport of perishable goods.
What is petroleum?
A naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is refined into fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel.
What are synthetic dyes?
Dyes produced artificially from chemical compounds, especially for textiles.
Compare the First and Second Industrial Revolutions.
First: textiles, steam, iron. Second: electricity, chemicals, steel, petroleum. Second was a technological upgrade.
What were the causes and effects of the Bessemer process?
Cause: Need for cheaper steel. Effect: Revolutionized steel production, enabling larger structures.
What were the causes and effects of electricity?
Cause: Technological advancements. Effect: Powered factories, homes, and new inventions.
What were the causes and effects of petroleum?
Cause: Need for new fuel sources. Effect: Fueled new industries like automobiles.
What were the causes and effects of mass advertisement?
Cause: Increased production and availability of goods. Effect: Shaped consumer culture and increased demand.
What were the causes and effects of mass production?
Cause: Technological advancements like the assembly line. Effect: Efficient, large-scale production and lower prices.
What were the causes and effects of mass leisure?
Cause: Increased disposable income and free time. Effect: Rise of amusement parks, music halls, and team sports.
What were the causes and effects of mass politics?
Cause: Desire for better living and working conditions. Effect: Political parties representing common people and advocating for reforms.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of the automobile industry?
Cause: Advancements in engine technology and petroleum refining. Effect: Revolutionized transportation and personal mobility.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of the chemical industry?
Cause: Scientific discoveries and advancements in chemistry. Effect: Created new materials like synthetic dyes and plastics.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of the steel industry?
Cause: Invention of the Bessemer process and increased demand. Effect: Enabled construction of larger buildings and infrastructure.