All Flashcards
Define Liberalism.
Political ideology emphasizing individual rights, constitutional government, and free markets.
Define Nationalism.
Belief in the importance of national identity based on shared culture, language, and history.
Define Conservatism (in the 19th century context).
Political ideology supporting traditional social hierarchies, monarchies, and established institutions.
Define Industrial Revolution.
A period of major technological advancement that began in Great Britain and spread to other parts of Europe and the US.
Define Imperialism.
Policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
Define the 'White Man's Burden'.
Belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-European peoples.
Define Balance of Power.
A distribution of power among nations so that no single state can dominate.
Define Militarism.
The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
Define Socialism.
A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Define Urbanization.
The process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
Compare Liberalism and Nationalism.
Liberalism emphasizes individual rights and constitutional government, while nationalism emphasizes national identity and unity. Both challenged the conservative order.
Compare the First and Second Industrial Revolutions.
The First IR was characterized by steam power and textiles, while the Second IR was characterized by electricity, steel, and chemicals. The Second IR saw larger corporations and greater global trade.
Compare the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
Both were driven by liberal and nationalist sentiments, but the 1848 revolutions were more widespread and radical, though often ultimately unsuccessful.
Compare the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, Great Britain, Russia) were rival alliance systems that contributed to the outbreak of WWI.
Compare the motivations for the First and Second Wave of Imperialism.
The first wave of imperialism was driven by mercantilism and the search for resources, while the second wave was fueled by industrial needs, political rivalries, and cultural beliefs like the 'White Man's Burden'.
Compare the social impacts of the First and Second Industrial Revolution.
Both revolutions led to urbanization and new social classes. The second IR saw a greater rise in the middle class and increased consumerism.
Compare the goals of the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe.
The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the old order and establish a balance of power, while the Concert of Europe was designed to maintain that balance and suppress revolutionary movements.
Compare the impacts of nationalism in Western and Eastern Europe.
In Western Europe, nationalism led to unification of states like Italy and Germany. In Eastern Europe, it threatened to break apart multi-ethnic empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
Compare the roles of Great Britain and Germany in causing WWI.
Great Britain was concerned with maintaining the balance of power and protecting its colonial interests, while Germany sought to expand its influence and challenge British naval supremacy, both contributing to rising tensions.
Compare the economic systems of capitalism and socialism as responses to industrialization.
Capitalism emphasizes private ownership and free markets, while socialism advocates for public or collective ownership and greater economic equality. Both emerged as responses to the social and economic changes brought about by industrialization.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting of European powers in 1815 to restore the old order after Napoleon's defeat and prevent future revolutions.
What were the Revolutions of 1830?
A series of uprisings in Europe, including France and Belgium, driven by liberal and nationalist sentiments.
What were the Revolutions of 1848?
A wave of widespread revolts across Europe, sparked by economic hardship and political discontent.
What was the First Industrial Revolution?
A period of significant technological advancements, beginning in Great Britain, characterized by new machines, factories, and urbanization.
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
A period of rapid industrial growth and innovation, marked by new technologies like electricity, steel, and chemicals.
What was the Scramble for Africa?
The rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers in the late 19th century.
What was the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?
A meeting of European powers to divide Africa among themselves.
What was the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
The event that triggered World War I, when the Archduke was killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
What was the creation of the Triple Alliance?
An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed for mutual defense.
What was the creation of the Triple Entente?
An alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia, formed as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance.