A meeting of European powers in 1815 to restore the old order after Napoleon's defeat and prevent future revolutions.

A series of uprisings in Europe, including France and Belgium, driven by liberal and nationalist sentiments.

A wave of widespread revolts across Europe, sparked by economic hardship and political discontent.

A period of significant technological advancements, beginning in Great Britain, characterized by new machines, factories, and urbanization.

A period of rapid industrial growth and innovation, marked by new technologies like electricity, steel, and chemicals.

The rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers in the late 19th century.

A meeting of European powers to divide Africa among themselves.

The event that triggered World War I, when the Archduke was killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed for mutual defense.

An alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia, formed as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance.

Political ideology emphasizing individual rights, constitutional government, and free markets.

Belief in the importance of national identity based on shared culture, language, and history.

Political ideology supporting traditional social hierarchies, monarchies, and established institutions.

A period of major technological advancement that began in Great Britain and spread to other parts of Europe and the US.

Policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

Belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-European peoples.

A distribution of power among nations so that no single state can dominate.

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

The process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

Causes: Napoleon's defeat. Effects: Re-established monarchies, created a balance of power, fueled nationalist sentiments.

Causes: Resources, capital, stable government in Britain. Effects: Technological innovations, factory production, urbanization, new social classes.

Causes: Economic needs, political competition, belief in European superiority. Effects: Colonization, exploitation of resources, increased tensions among European powers.

Causes: Economic hardship, political discontent. Effects: Showed the growing power of liberalism and nationalism, but often failed to achieve long-term goals.

Causes: Mutual defense pacts. Effects: Escalation of conflicts, increased tensions, contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

Causes: Shared culture, language, and history. Effects: Movements for unification (Italy and Germany), independence (Greece), and increased tensions between nations.

Causes: Desire for military strength, competition among nations. Effects: Arms race, glorification of military power, increased the likelihood of war.

Causes: New scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Effects: Growth of large corporations, increased global trade, new consumer goods, further urbanization.

Causes: Economic interests, political rivalries, and cultural beliefs. Effects: Exploitation of African resources, political instability, redrawing of African boundaries, long-term social and economic consequences.

Causes: Serbian nationalism, Austro-Hungarian imperialism. Effects: Triggered a chain reaction of alliances and declarations of war, leading to the outbreak of World War I.