#AP European History: Night Before Review 🚀

Hey! Let's get you prepped for the AP Euro exam. We're going to break down the key stuff, make it stick, and get you feeling confident. Let's do this!

#1. The Conservative Order and Its Challenges (1815-1848)

#The Congress of Vienna (1815) 🌍

• Goal: To restore the old order after Napoleon's defeat and prevent future revolutions.

• Key Players: Metternich (Austria), Castlereagh (Britain), Alexander I (Russia), and others.

• Outcomes:

  • Re-established monarchies and traditional social hierarchies.
  • Created a balance of power in Europe to prevent any single nation from dominating.
  • Ignored nationalist and liberal sentiments, which would cause problems later.

  
  The Congress of Vienna aimed to turn back the clock, but the genie of revolution was already out of the bottle.

#The Rise of Liberalism and Nationalism 💡

• Liberalism:
  • Emphasized individual rights, constitutional government, and free markets.
  • Inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
  • Often clashed with the conservative order.
• Nationalism:
  • Belief in the importance of national identity based on shared culture, language, and history.
  • Threatened multi-ethnic empires like Austria and Russia.
  • Led to movements for unification (e.g., Italy and Germany) and independence (e.g., Greece).

#Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 💥

• 1830: Revolutions in France, Belgium, and other areas, often with mixed results.
• 1848: A wave of revolutions across Europe, sparked by economic hardship and political discontent.
  • Often failed to achieve long-term goals but showed the growing power of liberalism and nationalism.

#2. Industrialization and Its Impact (1750-1914)

#The First Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) 🏭

• Key Features:
  • Began in Great Britain due to resources (coal, iron), capital, and a stable government.
  • Technological innovations like the steam engine, cotton gin, and power loom.
  • Shift from cottage industries to factory production.
  • Growth of cities and new social classes (industrial working class, middle class).
• Social Impacts:
  • Urbanization led to overcrowding, pollution, and poor living conditions.
  • New social classes created tensions and conflicts.
  • Rise of socialism and other ideologies to address social problems.

#The Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) 💡

• Key Features:
  • New technologies: electricity, steel, chemicals, internal combustion engine.
  • Expansion of industrialization to other parts of Europe and the US.
  • Growth of large corporations and monopolies.
  • Increased global trade and competition.

#Imperialism and Colonialism 🌍

• Motivations:

  • Economic: Need for raw materials and new markets for industrial goods.
  • Political: Competition among European powers for prestige and power.
  • Social/Cultural: Belief in European superiority (the "White Man's Burden") and desire to spread Christianity.

• The Scramble for Africa:

  • European powers divided Africa among themselves at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885).
  • Led to exploitation of African resources and peoples.

  
  The Scramble for Africa was driven by the industrial powers' need for resources and markets.

Industrialization and imperialism are HUGE topics. Make sure you understand their causes, effects, and connections.

#3. The Road to World War I (1871-1914)

#The Alliance System 🤝

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later replaced by the Ottoman Empire).
• Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia.
• Why? Mutual defense pacts created a system where a conflict between two nations could quickly escalate into a larger war.

#Nationalism and Imperialism 💣

• Nationalism: Intense rivalries between nations, especially in the Balkans.
• Imperialism: Competition for colonies created tensions and conflicts.
• Militarism: Arms race and glorification of military power.

#The Spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 💥

• The assassination by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo (June 28, 1914) triggered a chain reaction that led to WWI.

#Final Exam Focus 🎯

#High-Priority Topics

• Congress of Vienna: Its goals and impact on European politics.
• Liberalism and Nationalism: Their origins, goals, and impact on 19th-century Europe.
• Industrial Revolution: Its causes, effects, and social consequences.
• Imperialism: Its motivations and impact on Africa and Asia.
• Causes of World War I: The alliance system, nationalism, and militarism.

#Common Question Types

• Multiple Choice: Focus on specific events, dates, and key figures.
• Short Answer Questions (SAQs): Analyze the causes and effects of major events.
• Free Response Questions (FRQs): Compare and contrast different ideologies, analyze long-term trends, and evaluate historical arguments.

#Last-Minute Tips

• Time Management: Don't spend too long on any one question. Move on and come back if you have time.
• Common Pitfalls: Avoid generalizations and vague statements. Be specific and use evidence.
• Strategies: For FRQs, plan your essay before you start writing. Make sure you understand the prompt and address all parts of the question.

#Practice Questions

Practice Question

#Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna? (A) To promote liberal reforms throughout Europe (B) To establish a lasting peace based on a balance of power (C) To encourage nationalist movements in Europe (D) To create a unified European state

2. Which of the following best describes the impact of the Industrial Revolution on European society? (A) It led to a decline in urbanization and social mobility. (B) It created a more egalitarian society with equal opportunities for all. (C) It resulted in new social classes, urban growth, and economic disparities. (D) It had minimal impact on the social and economic structures of Europe.

3. Which of the following was a major cause of World War I? (A) The rise of communism in Russia (B) The unification of Italy (C) The system of alliances and military build-up (D) The spread of Enlightenment ideals

#Free Response Question (FRQ)

Analyze the social and economic effects of industrialization on European society in the period 1750-1914. Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (1 point): Presents a clear, historically defensible thesis that addresses the prompt.
• Evidence (2 points): Provides specific examples of social and economic effects of industrialization.
• Analysis (2 points): Explains how industrialization led to these social and economic changes.
• Complexity (1 point): Demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the topic by considering multiple perspectives or contradictions.

#Short Answer Question (SAQ)

1. Briefly explain one way in which nationalism challenged the existing political order in Europe during the 19th century.
2. Briefly explain one way in which imperialism led to increased tensions among European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

You got this! Go get that 5! 💪