Industrialization and Its Effects

It criticized industrial capitalism for straying from Protestant values by prioritizing profit over community welfare.

It linked Protestant work ethics with capitalism’s growth, suggesting religion influenced economic behaviors conducive to industrial society.

Weber alleged Protestantism hindered capitalist development due to its focus on frugality and suspicion towards wealth accumulation.

He posited that Catholic nations were quicker at industrializing due to greater alignment between church doctrine and capitalist principles.

Large working class population, availability of state ownership

Absence of colonies, efficient use of railroads

Political and social stability, abundant natural resources

Lack of wars and conflict, abundance of agricultural workers

Seed drill

Rocket

Steam locomotive

Cotton gin

It dispersed production across various regions, promoting artisanal and customized work.

It reduced overall output by enforcing stricter working hours and lower wages for workers.

It centralized production, leading to specialized machinery and mass production.

It emphasized agrarian work, decreasing urbanization and investment in industrial cities.

Subways

Airplanes

Railroads

Highways

Comparable to feudal obligations, it tied workers' loyalty directly to factory owners.

Similar to mercantilism, it centralized economic power within nuclear families.

Like the enclosure movement, it displaced rural families and reshaped urban demographics.

As with Renaissance patronage, it fostered supportive relationships between artisans and their guilds.

Reform Bill of 1832

Speenhamland System

Navigation Acts

Corn Laws

There was a notable shift toward romanticizing peasant life as a response against Darwin's emphasis on "survival of the fittest."

Literary works became more focused on escapist fantasy, as readers sought refuge from the mechanistic view of life Darwin proposed.

Writers incorporated themes of natural selection and survival into narratives that questioned traditional social structures.

Authors predominantly rejected Darwinism, promoting literature that focused on divine providence over scientific explanations.

It caused a widespread return to manual labor due to high fuel costs.

It led to increased productivity through mechanized farming.

It decreased crop variety because of a focus on steam-compatible cultivation techniques.

It resulted in a decline in rural populations as people moved to cities for work.

It led directly to increased secularism conflicting with medieval religious symbolism inherent in Gothic designs.

It negated urban planning practices reflecting Enlightenment rationality due to its decorative complexity.

It contributed significantly toward reducing class tensions by emphasizing common cultural heritage.

It reinforced romantic notions about medieval times amidst modern technological advancements.