19th Century Perspectives and Political Developments

It decreased reliance on naval forces, as land-based conflicts became less significant.

It led to a focus on overwhelming firepower and defensive tactics, causing shifts in colonial warfare.

It prompted increased use of cavalry charges to counteract the slower rate of fire.

It resulted in lesser emphasis on fortifications since mobility was prioritized over static defense.

Expansion of mercantile capitalism enhancing the wealth of rural traders.

The proliferation of industrial jobs in urban centers diminishing agrarian labor.

Agrarian grievances due to lack of land reforms and continued feudal practices.

Increased literacy rates leading to greater political awareness and engagement.

John Locke

Charles Darwin

Herbert Spencer

Adam Smith

It encouraged the spread of democratic principles to non-European territories.

It prompted efforts to convert colonized peoples to adhere with European cultural norms.

It led countries like Germany and Italy to unify and begin colonial projects of their own.

It fostered competition among nations for colonial possessions as a demonstration of national power and prestige.

The printing press

The telegraph

The cotton gin

Steam power locomotive

It became a major resource extracted by colonizers.

It helped prevent malaria among Europeans.

It fueled industrial production as an energy source.

It was used as currency for trading with locals.

A shared belief in democratic principles.

Both had monarchies that pushed for expansion.

An underlying desire to expand their economic influence.

A mutual fear of the United States' growing power.

Promoting democratic governments abroad

Search for new markets and raw materials

Developing global peace agreements

Spreading Christianity exclusively

Otto von Bismarck

Leopold II of Belgium

Cecil Rhodes

Giuseppe Garibaldi

It led to widespread criticism and a reevaluation of imperialist policies due to reports of human rights abuses.

It resulted in increased cooperation between European powers and African leaders.

It encouraged other European nations to adopt similar administrative systems in their own colonies.

It caused an immediate end to imperialistic ventures by European states.