#AP European History: English Civil War & Glorious Revolution Study Guide 👑

Hey there! Let's get you prepped for the AP Euro exam with a deep dive into the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. We'll break down the key events, figures, and concepts to make sure you're feeling confident and ready to ace it!

#I. The Seeds of Conflict: English Civil War ⚔️

#A. Absolutism vs. Parliament

England's unique path involved resisting absolutism, unlike many other European nations. This conflict was a major turning point in European political history.

#B. The Stuart Kings: James I and Charles I

• James I (James VI of Scotland): * United England, Scotland, and Ireland under one crown. * Believed in the Divine Right of Kings (the idea that monarchs derive their authority from God, not from the people). * Tended to favor Catholicism, which angered many Calvinists and the Anglican Church. * Image of King James I
• Charles I: * Married a Catholic princess, further fueling religious tensions. * Tried to impose a new prayer book on Scotland in 1637, sparking rebellion. * Image of King Charles I

#C. Parliament's Pushback

• Petition of Right (1628): * A major assertion of Parliament's rights. * Limited the king's power to tax, imprison, and quarter troops without Parliament's consent. *

* **Ship Money:** * Charles I's attempt to levy taxes without Parliament's approval. * Originally a tax for coastal defense, Charles extended it to the entire country and in times of peace. * * **Short and Long Parliaments:** * Charles I's attempts to dissolve Parliament when they opposed him. * The Long Parliament (1640-1660) was particularly significant for its reform efforts.

#D. The Civil War Erupts

• Cavaliers vs. Roundheads: * Cavaliers: Supporters of the king (nobles, Anglicans). * Roundheads: Supporters of Parliament (Puritans, middle class). *

* **Oliver Cromwell:** * The military leader of the Roundheads. * Led the New Model Army to victory against the Cavaliers. * [Image of Oliver Cromwell](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Robert_Walker.jpg/330px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Robert_Walker.jpg) * **Execution of Charles I (1649):** * A radical act that shocked Europe. * Marked the end of the monarchy and the beginning of the Commonwealth.

#E. The Commonwealth and the Protectorate

• Commonwealth: * England was declared a republic. * Ruled by Parliament, but with Cromwell as the dominant figure.
• Protectorate: * Cromwell became Lord Protector, essentially a military dictator. * Imposed strict Puritanical laws and suppressed dissent. *

Practice Question