# AP European History: Night Before Review 🚀 Hey! Let's make sure you're feeling awesome and ready to crush this exam. We've got a lot to cover, but we'll do it in a way that's super clear and easy to remember. Let's dive in! ## The Glorious Revolution: A Bloodless Power Shift 👑 ### English Protestants vs. English Catholics The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) was a pivotal moment in English history, marking a shift from absolute monarchy to a constitutional one. It wasn't really about glorious battles, but more about a peaceful (mostly!) transfer of power. ![Image of the Glorious Revolution](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fgiphy%20(1).webp?alt=media&token=db29b3e8-9a17-4d48-bfee-be710295e152) - **Background:** - King James II, a Catholic, was not popular among the majority Protestant population. - He tried to centralize power and promote Catholicism, which ticked off a lot of people. - **The Overthrow:** - English politicians and military leaders invited William of Orange (a Protestant and James II's son-in-law) to take the throne. - James II fled, and William and Mary became joint monarchs. - **Key Outcomes:** - Establishment of a **constitutional monarchy** with limits on royal power. - The **English Bill of Rights** was signed, protecting citizen rights. - This event significantly impacted the development of democracy and constitutional government in Europe. Think of it like this: James II was trying to be a boss, but the people said, 'Nah, we want a system with checks and balances!' So, they called in William and Mary to make it happen. Remember the key terms: **constitutional monarchy**, **English Bill of Rights**, and **limited monarchy**. These are frequently tested! ```json { "mcq": [ { "question": "Which of the following best describes the primary cause of the Glorious Revolution?", "options": [ "A) Religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants", "B) Economic disputes over taxation", "C) A succession crisis within the English monarchy", "D) The desire to establish a republic" ], "answer": "A" }, { "question": "The English Bill of Rights, established as a result of the Glorious Revolution, primarily served to:", "options": [ "A) Increase the power of the monarchy", "B) Limit the power of the monarchy and protect citizen rights", "C) Establish Catholicism as the state religion", "D) Grant absolute power to Parliament" ], "answer": "B" } ], "frq": { "question": "Analyze the causes and consequences of the Glorious Revolution in England. In your response, be sure to discuss the political, religious, and social factors that led to the revolution, as well as the long-term effects on the English monarchy and the development of constitutional government.", "scoring_breakdown": [ "**Thesis (1 point):** Presents a clear, historically defensible thesis that addresses the causes and consequences of the Glorious Revolution.", "**Causes (2 points):** Discusses at least two of the following causes: religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants, James II's attempts to centralize power, and the fear of an absolute monarchy.", "**Consequences (2 points):** Discusses at least two of the following consequences: the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, the English Bill of Rights, and the limitation of the monarch's power.", "**Analysis (2 points):** Provides analysis of the political, religious, and social factors at play and their impact on the revolution and its aftermath.", "**Synthesis (1 point):** Connects the Glorious Revolution to broader themes of political change and the development of constitutionalism in Europe." ] } } ``` ## The Flow of Trade and French Rivalry 🚢 ### British Colonialism and Commercial Interests This section is HUGE for the exam! Understanding the commercial rivalries and colonial dynamics is key. ![Image of Triangular Trade](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-HUbW7G4DpUev.webp?alt=media&token=b90796b5-ecc0-4dff-b836-e2e6eb8abe8e) - **Mercantilism:** - British colonies provided raw materials (tobacco, sugar, cotton). - Britain sold finished goods and tea (from the British East India Company) back to the colonies. - **Triangular Trade:** - A system involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas. - Strengthened British naval power, which was essential for protecting trade routes. - **Rivalry with France:** - British naval supremacy was a major factor in their competition with France. - This rivalry led to wars in both Europe and the colonies. Remember: Mercantilism = Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country. Think of it as a one-way street! ### The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) - **Global Conflict:** - Britain and France fought to become the strongest global power. - The war was fought in Europe, North America, Africa, and India. - **British Aims:** - Destroy France as a commercial rival. - Eliminate the French navy and attack French colonies. - **Alliances:** - Britain allied with Prussia and Hanover. - France allied with Austria and Russia. - **Outcomes:** - British victory led to the expansion of British territory and influence. - France was driven out of Canada and India. - The war resulted in severe debt for both Britain and France. Seven Years' War = Global brawl! Britain wanted to be the ultimate boss, and they basically kicked France out of the game (for a while). ![Map of the Seven Years' War](https://zupay.blob.core.windows.net/resources/files/0baca4f69800419293b4c75aa2870acd_5b85dc_1833.png?alt=media&token=31ce815b-61f4-4b58-9fb8-0923083a2e7d) ### The American Revolution (1775-1783) - **Causes:** - Britain heavily taxed the American colonies to pay off war debts (Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Tea Act). - “Taxation without representation” angered the colonists. - Increasing independence of the American colonies. - **French Involvement:** - France supported the American colonists to get back at Britain for their loss in the Seven Years' War. - French money, supplies, and military support were crucial for American victory. - **Outcomes:** - American independence. - Another financial drain for France. - Britain's power was challenged, but they remained a major global force. Don't forget that the American Revolution was partly a result of the Seven Years' War. They're connected! ```json { "mcq": [ { "question": "Which of the following best describes the economic system that dominated European colonial relationships during the 17th and 18th centuries?", "options": [ "A) Laissez-faire capitalism", "B) Mercantilism", "C) Communism", "D) Free trade" ], "answer": "B" }, { "question": "The Seven Years' War is significant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:", "options": [ "A) It was the first global war", "B) It marked a turning point in the history of warfare", "C) It led to the expansion of British territory and influence", "D) It resulted in the end of British colonial expansion" ], "answer": "D" } ], "frq": { "question": "Analyze the causes and consequences of the Seven Years' War and its impact on both European and colonial relations. In your response, discuss the economic, political, and military factors that contributed to the war, as well as its long-term effects on the balance of power and the development of colonial tensions.", "scoring_breakdown": [ "**Thesis (1 point):** Presents a clear, historically defensible thesis that addresses the causes and consequences of the Seven Years' War.", "**Causes (2 points):** Discusses at least two of the following causes: commercial rivalry between Britain and France, competition for colonial territories, and the desire for global dominance.", "**Consequences (2 points):** Discusses at least two of the following consequences: the expansion of British territory, the weakening of French power, and increased colonial tensions.", "**Analysis (2 points):** Provides analysis of the economic, political, and military factors at play and their impact on the war and its aftermath.", "**Synthesis (1 point):** Connects the Seven Years' War to broader themes of global power struggles and the development of colonial relationships." ] } } ``` ## Final Exam Focus 🎯 - **High-Priority Topics:** - The Glorious Revolution and its impact on constitutionalism. - Mercantilism and the triangular trade. - The Seven Years' War and its global consequences. - The American Revolution and its connection to European conflicts. - **Common Question Types:** - Multiple-choice questions focusing on key terms and events. - Short-answer questions requiring concise explanations of concepts. - Free-response questions that analyze causes, consequences, and long-term impacts. - **Last-Minute Tips:** - **Time Management:** Quickly scan questions and prioritize those you know well. - **Common Pitfalls:** Avoid vague answers; be specific with historical details. - **Strategies:** Clearly outline your FRQ before writing; use evidence to support your points. Remember to connect different units! AP questions often combine multiple concepts. Think of the big picture: Power shifts, trade rivalries, and revolutions! You've got this! Alright, you've got this! Take a deep breath, review your notes one last time, and go show that exam who's boss! 💪

Britain's Ascendency

Samuel Baker

How are we doing?

Britain's Ascendency

Samuel Baker

How are we doing?