{
  "multiple_choice": [
    {
      "question": "Which of the following is the MOST significant challenge to urban sustainability in developing countries?",
      "options": [
        "A) Over-reliance on renewable energy",
        "B) High levels of air and water quality",
        "C) Rapid growth of informal settlements",
        "D) Efficient public transportation systems"
      ],
      "answer": "C"
    },
    {
      "question": "A city implements a policy to promote mixed-use development and increase density. Which of the following is the MOST likely outcome of this policy?",
      "options": [
        "A) Increased suburban sprawl",
        "B) Decreased reliance on private vehicles",
        "C) Greater segregation of land uses",
        "D) Higher levels of air pollution"
      ],
      "answer": "B"
    }
  ],
  "free_response": {
    "question": "Discuss TWO challenges that cities face in achieving urban sustainability. For each challenge, explain ONE policy or practice that cities can adopt to address it. (6 points)",
    "scoring_breakdown": [
      "(1 point) Identify a valid challenge to urban sustainability.",
      "(1 point) Explain how the identified challenge hinders urban sustainability.",
      "(1 point) Identify a valid policy or practice to address the challenge.",
      "(1 point) Explain how the identified policy or practice mitigates the challenge.",
      "(Repeat for the second challenge)"
    ],
    "sample_answer": "Challenge 1: Limited Resources. Cities consume vast amounts of resources like water and energy, leading to depletion and environmental degradation. Cities can implement water conservation programs (e.g., rainwater harvesting) and promote energy-efficient buildings to reduce resource consumption. Challenge 2: Pollution and Environmental Degradation. Urban areas often suffer from air and water pollution, harming human health and ecosystems. Cities can invest in public transportation and green infrastructure (e.g., parks, green roofs) to reduce pollution and enhance environmental quality."
  }
}

{
  "multiple_choice": [
    {
      "question": "Which of the following best describes a 'brownfield'?",
      "options": [
        "A) A newly developed green space in an urban area",
        "B) An abandoned industrial site with potential contamination",
        "C) A protected agricultural area on the outskirts of a city",
        "D) A residential area with high population density"
      ],
      "answer": "B"
    },
    {
      "question": "According to Central Place Theory, which of the following is MOST likely to be located in a large urban center?",
      "options": [
        "A) A small, local grocery store",
        "B) A specialized medical facility",
        "C) A gas station",
        "D) A small, local bakery"
      ],
      "answer": "B"
    }
  ],
  "free_response": {
    "question": "(A) Define the concept of 'suburban sprawl'. (2 points) (B) Explain TWO negative environmental consequences of suburban sprawl. (4 points)",
    "scoring_breakdown": [
      "(1 point) Provide a correct definition of suburban sprawl.",
      "(1 point) Include the key elements of suburban sprawl (e.g., low-density, outward expansion).",
      "(2 points) Identify a valid negative environmental consequence of suburban sprawl.",
      "(2 points) Explain how the identified consequence impacts the environment.",
      "(Repeat for the second consequence)"
    ],
    "sample_answer": "(A) Suburban sprawl is the expansion of low-density residential and commercial development on the periphery of urban areas. It is characterized by the outward spread of cities and towns into previously undeveloped land. (B) Negative environmental consequences include: 1) Increased habitat loss: As suburbs expand, forests and natural habitats are cleared to make way for housing and infrastructure, leading to a loss of biodiversity. 2) Increased pollution: Suburban sprawl often leads to greater reliance on personal vehicles, resulting in increased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions."
  }
}

{
  "multiple_choice": [
    {
      "question": "Which term refers to a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions, often found in developing countries?",
      "options": [
        "A) Gentrified neighborhood",
        "B) Central business district",
        "C) Shantytown",
        "D) Suburban enclave"
      ],
      "answer": "C"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which of the following is a common characteristic of squatter settlements?",
      "options": [
        "A) Well-planned infrastructure and services",
        "B) Legal ownership of land and housing",
        "C) Lack of basic services and infrastructure",
        "D) High levels of economic stability"
      ],
      "answer": "C"
    }
  ],
  "free_response": {
    "question": "(A) Describe TWO characteristics of informal settlements in developing countries. (4 points) (B) Explain ONE reason why residents of informal settlements are particularly vulnerable to environmental catastrophes. (2 points)",
    "scoring_breakdown": [
      "(2 points) Describe a valid characteristic of informal settlements.",
      "(2 points) Provide a second valid description of informal settlements.",
      "(2 points) Explain how the identified characteristic contributes to the vulnerability of residents to environmental catastrophes."
    ],
    "sample_answer": "(A) Characteristics of informal settlements include: 1) Lack of infrastructure: Informal settlements often lack basic infrastructure such as paved roads, sanitation systems, and access to clean water and electricity. 2) Poor housing conditions: Homes in informal settlements are frequently constructed from makeshift materials and are often overcrowded and structurally unsound. (B) Residents are particularly vulnerable to environmental catastrophes because their homes are often built in hazardous locations (e.g., floodplains, steep slopes) and are not sturdy enough to withstand natural disasters."
  }
}