Caesar, Gallic War, Book 5, Part I

Demonstrates strategic foresight and control.

Indicates a lack of trust in local allies.

Reveals a preference for defensive tactics.

Shows reliance on diplomacy over force.

Misconceptions held by Rome about the uniformity of foreign cultures under its rule.

Overwhelming reliance on technological superiority to assert dominance over tribes.

Undermining local customs and laws as a means of imposing Roman order and governance.

The delicate balance between shows of force and diplomatic negotiations in maintaining control.

As truthful records meant solely for historical documentation purposes.

As irrelevant diversions from pressing issues within Rome itself.

As evidence of his effectiveness as a leader capable of commanding loyalty abroad.

As exaggerations serving only to boost his personal reputation unjustly.

The former highlights desperation; while latter indicates resourcefulness.

There is no significant difference; both translations accurately reflect intent.

The former implies spontaneity; while latter suggests careful deliberation.

The former underlines panic; while latter emphasizes calm decision-making.

Metonymy

Simile

Personification

Hyperbaton

Caesar employs repetition to emphasize the order and organization of his campaign, while Catullus utilizes the poetic device to underline the intensity of feelings.

Caesar's repetition highlights the discipline and structure of the Roman army, whereas Catullus' usage highlights the emotive aspects of relationships and ruminations on love and loss.

Repetitive elements in both texts operate to build suspense and lead to climactic revelations.

The device creates a sense of urgency in battle scenes through juxtaposition, similar to Catullus' casual conversational style.

Their motivations for migration as desperate measures rather than aggressive invasion.

The description of encounters with Romans as equally matched battles not ambushes.

The strategic movements during conflicts depicted as tactical retreats instead.

The characterization of their leaders emphasizing nobility over barbarism or deceitfulness.

Trade disagreements

Religious differences

Roman expansion

Personal vendetta

Comparing the legions to defensive fortifications, showing solidarity in construction.

Equating Gall attacks with relentless ocean waves to illustrate incessant danger.

Likening Cicero's actions to a sculptor chiseling away at Gallic ingenuity.

Describing the siege as a chess game to emphasize the importance of tactical oversight.

It implies there is confusion and disorder within ranks, marring the presentation of soldierly discipline.

It creates a sense of unity and repetition that mimics the marching soldiers’ movement.

It draws attention to individual acts of cowardice or deception between troops.

It highlights the monotony and tedium of day-to-day camp life, detracting from the narrative pace.