Revise later
SpaceTo flip
If confident
All Flashcards
What is the effect of shared genes in identical twins on psychological traits?
Identical twins often exhibit more similar psychological traits compared to fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic influence.
What is the effect of environmental factors on genetically predisposed behaviors?
Environmental factors can either enhance or suppress the expression of genetically predisposed behaviors.
What is the effect of natural selection on human behavior?
Natural selection has shaped human behavior by favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
What is the effect of adopting a child on their development?
Adoption provides a different environment which can influence the child's development, potentially leading to different outcomes compared to their biological family.
What is the effect of eugenics on society?
Eugenics has been used to discriminate against marginalized groups and justify atrocities like forced sterilization.
What is the effect of a genetic predisposition for a mental disorder?
A genetic predisposition increases the likelihood of developing the disorder, but environmental factors also play a crucial role in whether it manifests.
What is the effect of early childhood experiences on brain development?
Early childhood experiences can significantly shape brain development, influencing cognitive and emotional functioning.
What is the effect of cultural norms on behavior?
Cultural norms can influence behavior by providing guidelines and expectations for how individuals should act in different situations.
What is the effect of social isolation on mental health?
Social isolation can have negative effects on mental health, leading to increased risk of depression, anxiety, and other psychological problems.
What is the effect of chronic stress on physical and mental health?
Chronic stress can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health, increasing the risk of various diseases and psychological disorders.
Compare identical and fraternal twins in genetic research.
Identical twins share 100% of their genes, while fraternal twins share about 50%, making them useful for studying genetic influence.
Compare family studies and adoption studies in genetic research.
Family studies examine traits within families, while adoption studies compare adopted children to biological and adoptive families to disentangle genetic and environmental influences.
Compare the roles of genes and environment in shaping behavior.
Genes provide a blueprint, while the environment influences how those genes are expressed, highlighting the interaction between nature and nurture.
Compare evolutionary psychology and behaviorism.
Evolutionary psychology focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior, while behaviorism emphasizes learning through environmental stimuli and reinforcement.
Compare the goals of eugenics and genetic counseling.
Eugenics aims to 'improve' the human race through selective breeding, while genetic counseling provides information to individuals about their genetic risks and options.
Compare the focus of twin studies and family studies.
Twin studies primarily focus on comparing the similarity of traits between twins, while family studies examine the patterns of trait inheritance across multiple generations within a family.
Compare the strengths and weaknesses of adoption studies.
Strengths: Separates genetic and environmental influences. Weaknesses: Adopted children may not be representative of the general population; selective placement.
Compare the use of twin studies and adoption studies in determining heritability.
Twin studies compare trait similarity between identical and fraternal twins, while adoption studies compare adopted children to both biological and adoptive parents to estimate heritability.
Compare the ethical considerations of eugenics and genetic engineering.
Eugenics raises ethical concerns about discrimination and forced interventions, while genetic engineering raises concerns about unintended consequences and designer babies.
Compare the contributions of nature and nurture to personality development.
Nature provides the genetic predispositions for certain personality traits, while nurture shapes how those traits are expressed through environmental experiences.
Explain the interaction of nature and nurture.
Nature (genes) and nurture (environment) constantly interact to shape individual traits; it's not one versus the other.
What is the core principle of evolutionary psychology?
Behaviors and mental processes have evolved through natural selection to enhance survival and reproduction.
Describe the concept of 'adaptive behaviors' from an evolutionary perspective.
Behaviors that increased survival or reproductive success in ancestral environments are more likely to be passed down.
Explain how twin studies help researchers understand genetic influence.
Comparing identical (100% shared genes) and fraternal twins helps determine if traits are more similar due to genetics.
How do adoption studies help differentiate between genetic and environmental influences?
Similarities to biological parents suggest genetic influence, while similarities to adoptive parents suggest environmental influence.
What is the main focus of family studies?
Family studies look at how traits are shared among genetically related individuals to determine genetic basis.
Explain the danger of misusing evolutionary principles.
Misusing evolutionary principles can lead to harmful ideologies like eugenics, justifying discrimination and oppression.
What does it mean to say 'it's nature *via* nurture'?
Genes provide a blueprint, but the environment influences how those genes are expressed and developed.
How does natural selection relate to behavior?
Behaviors that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce were more likely to be passed down through natural selection.
What is the main goal of studying genetic effects on behavior?
To untangle genetic and environmental influences on behavior and mental processes.