Innate qualities, including genetic predispositions, inherited from parents.

Environmental factors that influence development, including family, culture, and experiences.

The process where traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on to future generations.

Behaviors that increase chances of survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

A flawed and unethical idea that selective breeding can 'improve' the human race.

The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes.

Research that compares traits and behaviors of identical and fraternal twins.

Research that examines how traits are shared among genetically related individuals.

Research that compares adopted children to their biological and adoptive families.

A branch of psychology that studies the evolutionary roots of behavior and mental processes.

Identical twins share 100% of their genes, while fraternal twins share about 50%, making them useful for studying genetic influence.

Family studies examine traits within families, while adoption studies compare adopted children to biological and adoptive families to disentangle genetic and environmental influences.

Genes provide a blueprint, while the environment influences how those genes are expressed, highlighting the interaction between nature and nurture.

Evolutionary psychology focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior, while behaviorism emphasizes learning through environmental stimuli and reinforcement.

Eugenics aims to 'improve' the human race through selective breeding, while genetic counseling provides information to individuals about their genetic risks and options.

Twin studies primarily focus on comparing the similarity of traits between twins, while family studies examine the patterns of trait inheritance across multiple generations within a family.

Strengths: Separates genetic and environmental influences. Weaknesses: Adopted children may not be representative of the general population; selective placement.

Twin studies compare trait similarity between identical and fraternal twins, while adoption studies compare adopted children to both biological and adoptive parents to estimate heritability.

Eugenics raises ethical concerns about discrimination and forced interventions, while genetic engineering raises concerns about unintended consequences and designer babies.

Nature provides the genetic predispositions for certain personality traits, while nurture shapes how those traits are expressed through environmental experiences.

Identical twins often exhibit more similar psychological traits compared to fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic influence.

Environmental factors can either enhance or suppress the expression of genetically predisposed behaviors.

Natural selection has shaped human behavior by favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction.

Adoption provides a different environment which can influence the child's development, potentially leading to different outcomes compared to their biological family.

Eugenics has been used to discriminate against marginalized groups and justify atrocities like forced sterilization.

A genetic predisposition increases the likelihood of developing the disorder, but environmental factors also play a crucial role in whether it manifests.

Early childhood experiences can significantly shape brain development, influencing cognitive and emotional functioning.

Cultural norms can influence behavior by providing guidelines and expectations for how individuals should act in different situations.

Social isolation can have negative effects on mental health, leading to increased risk of depression, anxiety, and other psychological problems.

Chronic stress can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health, increasing the risk of various diseases and psychological disorders.