Glossary
Context-Dependent Memory
The phenomenon where memory retrieval is enhanced when the environment or context during retrieval matches the environment during encoding. The surroundings act as retrieval cues.
Example:
If you study for your psychology exam in your classroom, you might find it easier to context-dependent memory the information when you take the test in that same room.
Memory Retrieval
The process of accessing information that has been previously stored in memory. It's how we bring past experiences and learned knowledge into conscious awareness.
Example:
When you try to remember the capital of France, you are engaging in memory retrieval.
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, including one's knowledge, memory, and learning strategies. It involves thinking about thinking.
Example:
When you realize you don't fully understand a concept and decide to review it more, you are demonstrating good metacognition.
Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood. If you're in a happy mood, you're more likely to remember other happy events.
Example:
After receiving a good grade, you might experience mood-congruent memory and suddenly remember other positive achievements from your past.
Recall
A type of memory retrieval where you access information without any external cues or prompts. It's like retrieving information from scratch.
Example:
Answering a free-response question on an exam that asks you to list the stages of sleep requires recall.
Recognition
A type of memory retrieval where you identify previously learned information when presented with cues or options. It's easier than recall because the information is already there.
Example:
Choosing the correct answer from a list of options on a multiple-choice test is an example of recognition.
State-Dependent Memory
The phenomenon where memory retrieval is enhanced when one's internal physiological or psychological state during retrieval matches the state during encoding. This includes states like being tired, caffeinated, or under the influence.
Example:
If you learn new vocabulary words while feeling very relaxed, you might find it easier to state-dependent memory those words when you are in a similar relaxed state again.
Testing Effect
The finding that actively retrieving information from memory (e.g., through self-quizzing or practice tests) is more effective for long-term retention than simply re-reading the material.
Example:
Instead of just rereading your notes, using flashcards to quiz yourself on key terms leverages the testing effect to strengthen your memory.