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What are the effects of high self-esteem?
Confidence, willingness to take on challenges.
What can result from Learned Helplessness?
Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and potentially depression.
What is the effect of an internal locus of control on academic performance?
Increased motivation and effort, leading to better academic outcomes.
What is the effect of optimism on stress levels?
Reduced stress levels and improved coping mechanisms.
What is the effect of low self-efficacy on goal setting?
Individuals may set lower goals or avoid challenging tasks.
How does a pessimistic outlook affect health?
It can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of health problems.
What is the impact of a supportive environment on behavior, according to reciprocal determinism?
A supportive environment can foster positive behaviors and thoughts.
What is the effect of repeated punishment on behavior?
It can lead to avoidance of the punished behavior, but also fear and anxiety.
How does high self-efficacy affect resilience?
It increases resilience by fostering a belief in one's ability to overcome challenges.
What is the impact of self-serving bias on relationships?
It can lead to conflict and misunderstandings due to biased attributions.
Explain the core idea of Social-Cognitive Theories.
Personality is shaped by interactions with the environment, learning, cognition, and social behavior.
What is the Fundamental Postulate of Personal Construct Theory?
Our behavior is influenced by our thinking; knowing past behavior helps predict future actions.
What are the three factors involved in Reciprocal Determinism?
Thoughts (cognition), environment, and behavior.
How does an internal locus of control affect mental health?
It is generally associated with better mental health.
What is the relationship between Learned Helplessness and Locus of Control?
Learned helplessness often accompanies an external locus of control.
Explain the focus of Positive Psychology.
Focuses on positive well-being, health, and education to help individuals thrive.
How do behavioral theories explain personality development?
Personalities are influenced by the environment through conditioning; behaviors are repeated if rewarded and avoided if punished.
How does self-efficacy impact behavior?
High self-efficacy leads to greater persistence and success in completing tasks.
What is the key idea behind Skinner's view on personality?
Personality is determined by the environment; change the environment, change the personality.
What is the role of conditioning in behavioral theories of personality?
Personalities are influenced by the environment through conditioning. We repeat behaviors that are rewarded and avoid those that are punished.
Give an example of Learned Helplessness in an academic setting.
A student who repeatedly fails tests might develop learned helplessness and stop trying.
Provide an example of Self-Serving Bias.
Acing a test? It's because you're smart! Failing a test? It's because the teacher is bad.
How can understanding Reciprocal Determinism help improve a student's performance?
By addressing the interplay between their thoughts, study environment, and study habits.
How might a therapist use the concept of self-efficacy to help a client with anxiety?
By helping the client set small, achievable goals to build confidence in their ability to cope.
How can positive psychology be applied in schools?
By focusing on students' strengths and promoting well-being and resilience.
How does an internal locus of control relate to academic success?
Students with an internal locus of control are more likely to believe their efforts lead to success, increasing motivation.
How can the principles of conditioning be used to change a negative behavior?
By associating the behavior with a negative consequence or reinforcing a positive alternative behavior.
How can understanding self-serving bias help in team projects?
By recognizing that individuals may attribute success to themselves and failure to others, promoting fairness.
How might learned helplessness develop in a work environment?
Repeated negative feedback and lack of control over tasks can lead to employees feeling helpless.
How can positive psychology be used to improve employee satisfaction?
By focusing on strengths, promoting positive relationships, and creating a sense of purpose.