Glossary
Cannon-Bard Theory
A theory proposing that a stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
Example:
Upon seeing a snake, your heart pounds at the exact same time you feel fear.
Collectivist cultures
Cultures that prioritize group harmony and interdependence, often leading to more restrained or hidden emotional expression.
Example:
In some collectivist cultures, individuals might suppress strong emotions to maintain social harmony.
Common Sense Theory
A theory of emotion that suggests we first feel an emotion, and then our body responds physiologically.
Example:
You see a bear, you feel fear, and then your heart starts racing.
Conscious experience
The subjective feeling or awareness of an emotion, including thoughts and interpretations.
Example:
After winning the lottery, the feeling of pure joy and disbelief washes over you.
Expressive behaviors
Outward manifestations of emotion, such as facial expressions, body language, and vocal tone.
Example:
A person smiling broadly and jumping up and down clearly shows their excitement.
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, meaning our expressions can influence our emotions.
Example:
Forcing yourself to smile for a few minutes can actually make you feel a little happier.
Individualistic cultures
Cultures that emphasize personal goals and identity, often leading to more open expression of emotions.
Example:
In the United States, an individualistic culture, people might openly cry or cheer in public.
James-Lange Theory
A theory stating that our physiological arousal precedes and causes our emotional experience.
Example:
You notice your heart pounding and your palms sweating, and then you interpret that as fear.
Lazarus Theory
A theory asserting that cognitive appraisal of a situation must occur before both physiological arousal and the emotional experience.
Example:
You hear a strange noise, appraise it as 'just the wind,' and therefore feel no fear.
Physiological arousal
The body's physical response to a stimulus, involving changes like heart rate, breathing, and sweating.
Example:
When you're nervous before a presentation, your hands might get clammy and your heart might start pounding.
Primary Emotions
Basic, universal emotions (like fear, anger, and happiness) that are considered adaptive and fundamental for survival.
Example:
When a child gets a new toy, their immediate happiness is a primary emotion.
Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) Theory
A theory that emotion arises from physiological arousal combined with a cognitive label or appraisal of the situation.
Example:
Your heart races, and you see a scary movie, so you label your arousal as fear.
Universal Facial Expressions
The idea, supported by Paul Ekman's research, that certain basic facial expressions of emotion are recognized across all cultures.
Example:
A scowl indicating anger is understood whether you're in New York or Tokyo.
Zajonc-LeDoux Theory
A theory suggesting that some emotional reactions, especially fear, can occur instantly without conscious cognitive appraisal, via a 'fast pathway.'
Example:
You jump back immediately from a sudden loud noise before you even realize what it was.