Scientific Foundations of Psychology
Which approach is considered to be the most effective method in forming arguments based on psychological evidence?
Empirical Approach
Theoretical Approach
Personalistic Approach
Intuitive Approach
How would you structure an experiment using signal detection theory to explore whether experienced video game players have enhanced perceptual sensitivity compared to non-gamers under controlled distractions?
One group test where only gamers respond visual stimuli during multi-tasking situations
Split-half design where gamers/non-gamers respond Faint auditory stimuli amidst varying distraction levels
Matched pairs design comparing reaction times gamers/non-gamers identical audio-visual cues
Double-blind trial observing error rates gamers/non-gamers navigating complex virtual environments
In the context of humanistic psychology, what criterion might be used to differentiate abnormal behavior from normal behavior?
Genetic predisposition for certain behaviors.
Reinforcement history of behaviors.
Incongruence between self-concept and actions.
Frequency of specific behaviors compared to societal averages.
Which discipline would most likely use introspection as a methodology to understand psychological phenomena?
Biological psychology
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive psychology
Behavioral psychology
What approach would researchers most likely use if they sought predictive information about whether high school GPA correlates with college success but didn't intend to establish causality?
Conduct experimental manipulations on learning strategies
Perform twin studies on educational achievements
Use clinical trials focusing on teaching methodologies
Collect longitudinal data on students' academic performance
In a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety, anxiety was operationally defined as a self-rated score from 1-10. Specifying exactly how anxiety will be assessed is important for ...
determining cause and effect
plotting correlation
replication
debriefing
To investigate whether bilingualism contributes long-term cognitive reserves against dementia onset comparative lifespan approach involving what testing frequency will likely yield most robust data?
Case-control matching recent onset dementia patients without language background checks
Cross-sectional survey once among elderly bilinguals/monolinguals current mental status
Longitudinal cohort analysis retesting every five years until dementia diagnosis/no-diagnosis
Retrospective chart review medical records past decade monolingual/bilingual dementia patients

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Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank slate) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual?
Francis Bacon
John B. Watson
Sigmund Freud
John Locke
How does the structuralist approach to psychology differ from the functionalist approach when studying human consciousness?
Functionalism uses introspection as its primary method; structuralism focuses on observable behavior.
Structuralism studies how mental processes help individuals adapt; functionalism emphasizes unconscious motives.
Structuralism analyzes conscious experience into basic elements, while functionalism investigates the purpose of consciousness.
Both approaches reject empirical evidence but structuralism relies more on theoretical constructs.
When researchers use operational definitions in their studies, what are they specifying?
The sample size necessary for statistically significant results
The overall purpose or goal of their research study
A hypothesis predicting the outcome of the study
The exact procedures used to measure a variable